FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / BMC Vet Res / Deep pemphigus (pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans and p...
BMC veterinary research2020; 16(1); 457; doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02677-w

Deep pemphigus (pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans and paraneoplastic pemphigus) in dogs, cats and horses: a comprehensive review.

Abstract: Pemphigus is the term used to describe a group of rare mucocutaneous autoimmune bullous diseases characterized by flaccid blisters and erosions of the mucous membranes and/or skin. When the autoantibodies target desmosomes in the deep layers of the epidermis, deep pemphigus variants such as pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans and paraneoplastic pemphigus develop. In this article, we will review the signalment, clinical signs, histopathology and treatment outcome of pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans and paraneoplastic pemphigus in dogs, cats and horses; where pertinent, we compare the animal diseases to their human homologue. Canine, feline and equine pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans and paraneoplastic pemphigus have many features similar to the human counterpart. These chronic and often relapsing autoimmune dermatoses require aggressive immunosuppressive therapy. In animals, the partial-to-complete remission of pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus vegetans has been achieved with high dose glucocorticoid therapy, with or without adjunct immunosuppressants; the prognosis is grave for paraneoplastic pemphigus.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2020-11-23 PubMed ID: 33228633PubMed Central: PMC7686683DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02677-wGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research provides an in-depth review of three variants of pemphigus – a rare category of autoimmune diseases that result in blistering and ulceration of the skin and/or mucous membranes – in pets namely dogs, cats and horses, comparing these conditions to human equivalents and discussing treatment outcomes.

Understanding Pemphigus

  • Pemphigus refers to a set of rare autoimmune conditions categorized by the development of weak blisters and sores on the skin and/or mucous membranes.
  • These conditions occur when autoantibodies, proteins that mistakenly attack the body’s cells or tissues, target desmosomes. Desmosomes are protein complexes that connect skin cells together.
  • The research focuses on three forms of this disease that affect the deeper layers of the epidermis or the outermost layer of the skin; these include pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans, and paraneoplastic pemphigus.

Comparison to Human Diseases and Animal Diseases

  • The study notes that pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans, and paraneoplastic pemphigus in dogs, cats, and horses exhibit many similarities with the human versions of these diseases.
  • They compare and discuss characteristics of the diseases in pets, such as their signalment (species, breed, gender, and age distribution), clinical signs, histopathology or microscopic changes, and outcomes after treatment.

Treatment Outcomes

  • These conditions often recur and necessitate intense immunosuppressive therapy to manage.
  • High-dosage glucocorticoid therapy, with or without added immunosuppressants, has been demonstrated effective in achieving remission partially or completely for pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus vegetans in animals.
  • However, the study highlights that the prognosis is poor for paraneoplastic pemphigus, indicating that this form of the disease is more difficult to treat effectively.

Cite This Article

APA
Tham HL, Linder KE, Olivry T. (2020). Deep pemphigus (pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus vegetans and paraneoplastic pemphigus) in dogs, cats and horses: a comprehensive review. BMC Vet Res, 16(1), 457. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02677-w

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 457
PII: 457

Researcher Affiliations

Tham, Heng L
  • Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
Linder, Keith E
  • Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
  • Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Olivry, Thierry
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. tolivry@ncsu.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Animal Diseases / diagnosis
  • Animal Diseases / drug therapy
  • Animal Diseases / pathology
  • Animals
  • Cats
  • Dogs
  • Horses
  • Immunosuppressive Agents / therapeutic use
  • Pemphigus / diagnosis
  • Pemphigus / drug therapy
  • Pemphigus / pathology
  • Pemphigus / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

None relevant.

References

This article includes 128 references
  1. Ishida-Yamamoto A, Igawa S, Kishibe M, Honma M. Clinical and molecular implications of structural changes to desmosomes and corneodesmosomes.. J Dermatol 2018 Apr;45(4):385-389.
    doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.14202pubmed: 29349851google scholar: lookup
  2. Olivry T, Linder KE. Dermatoses affecting desmosomes in animals: a mechanistic review of acantholytic blistering skin diseases.. Vet Dermatol 2009 Oct;20(5-6):313-26.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00821.xpubmed: 20178467google scholar: lookup
  3. Hertl M, Jedlickova H, Karpati S, Marinovic B, Uzun S, Yayli S, Mimouni D, Borradori L, Feliciani C, Ioannides D, Joly P, Kowalewski C, Zambruno G, Zillikens D, Jonkman MF. Pemphigus. S2 Guideline for diagnosis and treatment--guided by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) in cooperation with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV).. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015 Mar;29(3):405-14.
    doi: 10.1111/jdv.12772pubmed: 25338479google scholar: lookup
  4. Murrell DF, Peña S, Joly P, Marinovic B, Hashimoto T, Diaz LA, Sinha AA, Payne AS, Daneshpazhooh M, Eming R, Jonkman MF, Mimouni D, Borradori L, Kim SC, Yamagami J, Lehman JS, Saleh MA, Culton DA, Czernik A, Zone JJ, Fivenson D, Ujiie H, Wozniak K, Akman-Karakaş A, Bernard P, Korman NJ, Caux F, Drenovska K, Prost-Squarcioni C, Vassileva S, Feldman RJ, Cardones AR, Bauer J, Ioannides D, Jedlickova H, Palisson F, Patsatsi A, Uzun S, Yayli S, Zillikens D, Amagai M, Hertl M, Schmidt E, Aoki V, Grando SA, Shimizu H, Baum S, Cianchini G, Feliciani C, Iranzo P, Mascaró JM Jr, Kowalewski C, Hall R, Groves R, Harman KE, Marinkovich MP, Maverakis E, Werth VP. Diagnosis and management of pemphigus: Recommendations of an international panel of experts.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020 Mar;82(3):575-585.e1.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.021pmc: PMC7313440pubmed: 29438767google scholar: lookup
  5. Spindler V, Waschke J. Pemphigus-A Disease of Desmosome Dysfunction Caused by Multiple Mechanisms.. Front Immunol 2018;9:136.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00136pmc: PMC5799217pubmed: 29449846google scholar: lookup
  6. Nishifuji K, Olivry T, Ishii K, Iwasaki T, Amagai M. IgG autoantibodies directed against desmoglein 3 cause dissociation of keratinocytes in canine pemphigus vulgaris and paraneoplastic pemphigus.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007 Jun 15;117(3-4):209-21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.02.004pubmed: 17350107google scholar: lookup
  7. Bizikova P, Burrows A. Feline pemphigus foliaceus: original case series and a comprehensive literature review.. BMC Vet Res 2019 Jan 9;15(1):22.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1739-ypmc: PMC6327590pubmed: 30626385google scholar: lookup
  8. Olivry T. A review of autoimmune skin diseases in domestic animals: I - superficial pemphigus.. Vet Dermatol 2006 Oct;17(5):291-305.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00540.xpubmed: 16961814google scholar: lookup
  9. Didona D, Maglie R, Eming R, Hertl M. Pemphigus: Current and Future Therapeutic Strategies.. Front Immunol 2019;10:1418.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01418pmc: PMC6603181pubmed: 31293582google scholar: lookup
  10. Olivry T, Dunston SM, Walker RH, Alhaidari Z, Messinger L, Liu Z. Investigations on the nature and pathogenicity of circulating antikeratinocyte antibodies in dogs with pemphigus foliaceus.. Vet Dermatol 2009 Feb;20(1):42-50.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00723.xpubmed: 19152586google scholar: lookup
  11. Ghibaudo G, D'Urso P, Vercelli A. What is your diagnosis? [pemphigus in a dog.]. Summa, Animali da Compagnia 2007;24(7):54–58.
  12. Ghibaudo G. Therapeutic approach to autoimmune and immune-mediated dermatitis. Summa, Animali da Compagnia 2011;28(4):35–41.
  13. Kavitha S, Nambi AP, Gowri B, Balachandran C, Thirunavukkarasu PS, Srinivasn SR, Prathaban S. Pemphigus vulgaris in a dog. Indian Vet J 2008;85(12):1329.
  14. Usha N, Baby PG, Jabina MP, Renjith R. Pemphigus vulgaris in a dog - a case report. Indian J Vet Med 2006;26(2):148–149.
  15. Herman V, Rămneanțu M, Cătană N, Marcu A, Manu G, Ciorba D. A case of discoid lupus erythematosus in a dog associated with pemphigus vulgaris. In: Branzas P, editor. Proceedings of the 22nd Symposium of the Association of Romanian Veterinarians. Cluj-Napoca: Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole; 1997. pp. 308–309.
  16. Olynyk GP, Guthrie BJ. Canine pemphigus vulgaris treated with gold salt therapy.. Can Vet J 1984 Apr;25(4):168-70.
    pmc: PMC1790548pubmed: 17422385
  17. Schultz KT, Goldschmidt M. Pemphigus vegetans in a dog: a case report. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980;16(4):579–582.
  18. Bennett D, Lauder IM, Kirkham D, McQueen A. Bullous autoimmune skin disease in the dog: (1) clinical and pathological assessment.. Vet Rec 1980 Jun 14;106(24):497-503.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.106.24.497pubmed: 7001726google scholar: lookup
  19. Walsh MB, Brown SR. A case report of suspected pemphigus vulgaris in a dog. Vet Clin 1979(No.31):3–5.
  20. Brown N, Hurvitz AI. Mucocutaneous disease in a cat resembling human pemphigus. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1979;15(1):25–28.
  21. Parker WM. Case report: Pemphigus vulgaris in a Border Collie.. Can Vet J 1978 Nov;19(11):317-9.
    pmc: PMC1789509pubmed: 747827
  22. Olivry T, Jackson HA. An alopecic phenotype of canine pemphigus vulgaris?. Br J Dermatol 2001 Jul;145(1):176-8.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04311.xpubmed: 11453936google scholar: lookup
  23. Lever WF. Pemphigus. Arch Dermatol Syph 1942;46(6):800–823.
    doi: 10.1001/archderm.1942.01500180020004google scholar: lookup
  24. LEVER WF. Pemphigus.. Medicine (Baltimore) 1953 Feb;32(1):1-123.
    doi: 10.1097/00005792-195302000-00001pubmed: 13024494google scholar: lookup
  25. Lever WF. Pemphigus and pemphigoid. A review of the advances made since 1964.. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979 Jul;1(1):2-31.
    doi: 10.1016/S0190-9622(79)80050-Xpubmed: 387823google scholar: lookup
  26. Hurvitz AI, Feldman E. A disease in dogs resembling human pemphigus vulgaris: case reports.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1975 Mar 15;166(6):585-90.
    pubmed: 1091610
  27. Stannard AA, Gribble DH, BakerBB. A mucocutaneous disease in the dog, resembling pemphigus vulgaris in man.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1975 Mar 15;166(6):575-82.
    pubmed: 1120727
  28. Kato N, Noma N, Kuriyama W, Nibe K. Putative pemphigus vulgaris in a dog. Vet Immunol Pract 2018;3(3):34–39.
  29. Scott DW. Feline dermatology 1900-1978 - a monograph. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1980;16(3):331–459.
  30. Stannard T, von Tscharner C, Kunkle G, Yager J. Stannard's illustrated equine dermatology notes. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2000.
  31. Winfield LD, White SD, Affolter VK, Renier AC, Dawson D, Olivry T, Outerbridge CA, Wang YH, Iyori K, Nishifuji K. Pemphigus vulgaris in a Welsh pony stallion: case report and demonstration of antidesmoglein autoantibodies.. Vet Dermatol 2013 Apr;24(2):269-e60.
    doi: 10.1111/vde.12002pubmed: 23347322google scholar: lookup
  32. Wolff PL, Garden JM, Marder R, Rosenberg DP, Sundberg JP. Pemphigus vulgaris in a pigtail macaque.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986 Nov 1;189(9):1220-1.
    pubmed: 3505994
  33. Miller WH Jr, Weldon AD, Wellington JR, Smith CA. Pemphigus vulgaris in a llama. Vet Dermatol 1991;2(2):97–101.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.1991.tb00116.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  34. Joly P, Litrowski N. Pemphigus group (vulgaris, vegetans, foliaceus, herpetiformis, brasiliensis).. Clin Dermatol 2011 Jul-Aug;29(4):432-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.01.013pubmed: 21679871google scholar: lookup
  35. Kridin K, Zelber-Sagi S, Khamaisi M, Cohen AD, Bergman R. Remarkable differences in the epidemiology of pemphigus among two ethnic populations in the same geographic region.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016 Nov;75(5):925-930.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.06.055pubmed: 27614531google scholar: lookup
  36. Försti AK, Vuorre O, Laurila E, Jokelainen J, Huilaja L, Tasanen K. Pemphigus Foliaceus and Pemphigus Erythematosus are the Most Common Subtypes of Pemphigus in Northern Finland.. Acta Derm Venereol 2019 Nov 1;99(12):1127-1130.
    pubmed: 31396635doi: 10.2340/00015555-3280google scholar: lookup
  37. Hübner F, Recke A, Zillikens D, Linder R, Schmidt E. Prevalence and Age Distribution of Pemphigus and Pemphigoid Diseases in Germany.. J Invest Dermatol 2016 Dec;136(12):2495-2498.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.013pubmed: 27456755google scholar: lookup
  38. Scott DW, Walton DK, Slater MR, Smith CA, Lewis RM. Immune-mediated dermatoses in domestic animals - 10 years after part 1. Comp Cont Educ Pract 1987;9(4):424–551.
  39. Sieben C, Massone A, Machuca M. Autoimmune skin disease in dogs. Retrospective study. Revista Veterinaria 2019;30(1):70–75.
    doi: 10.30972/vet.3013916google scholar: lookup
  40. Amagai M, Stanley JR. Desmoglein as a target in skin disease and beyond.. J Invest Dermatol 2012 Mar;132(3 Pt 2):776-84.
    doi: 10.1038/jid.2011.390pmc: PMC3279627pubmed: 22189787google scholar: lookup
  41. Kitajima Y. 150(th) anniversary series: Desmosomes and autoimmune disease, perspective of dynamic desmosome remodeling and its impairments in pemphigus.. Cell Commun Adhes 2014 Dec;21(6):269-80.
    doi: 10.3109/15419061.2014.943397pubmed: 25078507google scholar: lookup
  42. Grando SA, Bystryn JC, Chernyavsky AI, Frusić-Zlotkin M, Gniadecki R, Lotti R, Milner Y, Pittelkow MR, Pincelli C. Apoptolysis: a novel mechanism of skin blistering in pemphigus vulgaris linking the apoptotic pathways to basal cell shrinkage and suprabasal acantholysis.. Exp Dermatol 2009 Sep;18(9):764-70.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00934.xpubmed: 19555352google scholar: lookup
  43. Mahoney MG, Wang Z, Rothenberger K, Koch PJ, Amagai M, Stanley JR. Explanations for the clinical and microscopic localization of lesions in pemphigus foliaceus and vulgaris.. J Clin Invest 1999 Feb;103(4):461-8.
    doi: 10.1172/JCI5252pmc: PMC408100pubmed: 10021453google scholar: lookup
  44. Spindler V, Eming R, Schmidt E, Amagai M, Grando S, Jonkman MF, Kowalczyk AP, Müller EJ, Payne AS, Pincelli C, Sinha AA, Sprecher E, Zillikens D, Hertl M, Waschke J. Mechanisms Causing Loss of Keratinocyte Cohesion in Pemphigus.. J Invest Dermatol 2018 Jan;138(1):32-37.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.06.022pubmed: 29037765google scholar: lookup
  45. Suter MM, Wilkinson JE, Dougherty EP, Lewis RM. Ultrastructural localization of pemphigus vulgaris antigen on canine keratinocytes in vivo and in vitro.. Am J Vet Res 1990 Apr;51(4):507-11.
    pubmed: 2327609
  46. Olivry T, Joubeh S, Dunston SM, Nishiyama T, Ghohestani RF. Desmoglein-3 is a target autoantigen in spontaneous canine pemphigus vulgaris.. Exp Dermatol 2003 Apr;12(2):198-203.
    doi: 10.1046/j.0906-6705.2002.072.xpubmed: 12702149google scholar: lookup
  47. Nishifuji K, Amagai M, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Iwasaki T. Cloning of canine desmoglein 3 and immunoreactivity of serum antibodies in human and canine pemphigus vulgaris with its extracellular domains.. J Dermatol Sci 2003 Sep;32(3):181-91.
    doi: 10.1016/S0923-1811(03)00095-1pubmed: 14507443google scholar: lookup
  48. Williamson L, Suter MM, Olivry T, Wyder M, Müller EJ. Upregulation of c-Myc may contribute to the pathogenesis of canine pemphigus vulgaris.. Vet Dermatol 2007 Feb;18(1):12-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00561.xpubmed: 17222234google scholar: lookup
  49. Williamson L, Raess NA, Caldelari R, Zakher A, de Bruin A, Posthaus H, Bolli R, Hunziker T, Suter MM, Müller EJ. Pemphigus vulgaris identifies plakoglobin as key suppressor of c-Myc in the skin.. EMBO J 2006 Jul 26;25(14):3298-309.
    doi: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601224pmc: PMC1523185pubmed: 16871158google scholar: lookup
  50. Rybnícek J, Hill PB. Suspected polymyxin B-induced pemphigus vulgaris in a dog.. Vet Dermatol 2007 Jun;18(3):165-70.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00589.xpubmed: 17470231google scholar: lookup
  51. Olivry T. Drug-associated canine pemphigus vulgaris? Who knows!. Vet Dermatol 2007 Oct;18(5):378-9; author reply 379.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00621.xpubmed: 17845628google scholar: lookup
  52. Kridin K. Pemphigus group: overview, epidemiology, mortality, and comorbidities.. Immunol Res 2018 Apr;66(2):255-270.
    doi: 10.1007/s12026-018-8986-7pubmed: 29479654google scholar: lookup
  53. Kridin K, Zelber-Sagi S, Bergman R. Pemphigus Vulgaris and Pemphigus Foliaceus: Differences in Epidemiology and Mortality.. Acta Derm Venereol 2017 Oct 2;97(9):1095-1099.
    doi: 10.2340/00015555-2706pubmed: 28536732google scholar: lookup
  54. Porro AM, Seque CA, Ferreira MCC, Enokihara MMSES. Pemphigus vulgaris.. An Bras Dermatol 2019 Jul 29;94(3):264-278.
    doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20199011pmc: PMC6668932pubmed: 31365654google scholar: lookup
  55. Blair RV, Wakamatsu N, Pucheu-Haston CM. Pathology in practice. Pemphigus vulgaris.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015 Feb 15;246(4):419-21.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.246.4.419pubmed: 25632815google scholar: lookup
  56. Mentre P, Boulouis H, Bouhouha L, Guillot J. Pemphigus vulgaire chez un chien. Summa: Animali Da Compagnia; Point Veternaire Italie 2003;22(1):55–60.
  57. Yamanaka A, Sekiguchi M, Konno K, Momoi Y, Iwasaki T. Five cases of canine dermatoses of the nose. Jpn J Vet Dermatol 2002;8(3):42–47.
    doi: 10.2736/jjvd.8.42google scholar: lookup
  58. Foster AP, Olivry T. Nasal dermatitis as a manifestation of canine pemphigus vulgaris.. Vet Rec 2001 Apr 7;148(14):450-1.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.148.14.450pubmed: 11338717google scholar: lookup
  59. Olivry T, Alhaidari Z, Ghohestani RF. Anti-plakin and desmoglein autoantibodies in a dog with pemphigus vulgaris.. Vet Pathol 2000 Sep;37(5):496-9.
    doi: 10.1354/vp.37-5-496pubmed: 11055881google scholar: lookup
  60. Carlotti D, Terrier S, Bensignor E, Collinot C, Pierra C. Le pemphigus vulgaire chez le chien: a propos de 8 cas. Prat Med Chir Anim Comp 2000;35:301–307.
  61. Bensignor E, Carlotti D, Terrier S. Pemphigus vulgaire chez un braque allemand. Point Vet 1998;29(190):75–79.
  62. Gonzalez J, Sagredo P, Fraile C, Ruperez C. Penfigo vulgar en un perro. Clinica Veterinaria de Pequenos Animales 1996;16(1):45–50.
  63. Solcan G, Oprean O, Ciobanu S. Un caz de pemphigus vulgaris la caine. Rev Rom Med Vet 1995;5(2):137–140.
  64. Olivry T, Ihrke PJ, Atlee BA. Pemphigus vulgaris lacking mucosal involvement in a German shepherd dog: possible response to heparin therapy. Vet Dermatol 1992;3(2):79–84.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.1992.tb00149.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  65. Alonso P, Martinez C, Montana J, Diez A, Lopez J. Pemphigus vulgaris in a dog. An Fac Vet 1992;38:127–130.
  66. White SD, Stewart LJ, Bernstein M. Corticosteroid (methylprednisolone sodium succinate) pulse therapy in five dogs with autoimmune skin disease.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987 Nov 1;191(9):1121-4.
    pubmed: 3693033
  67. Zetner K, Gaspar A. Diagnosis and treatment of oral pemphigus in nine dogs. Praktische Tierarzt 1987;68(5):66–71.
  68. Brabenetz J. Pemphigus vulgaris in a dog. Wien Tierarztl Mschr 1985;72:217–218.
  69. Suter M, Schröter L, Zindel S, Suter PF. [Pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus in dogs: 9 cases].. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 1984 May;126(5):249-60.
    pubmed: 6431610
  70. Scott DW, Manning TO, Smith CA, Lewis RM. Pemphigus vulgaris without mucosal or mucocutaneous involvement in two dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1982;18(3):401–404.
  71. Hoskins J, Ouverson A, Schlater L, Proctor S. Pemphigus vulgaris in the dog: a case report. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1977;13:164–167.
  72. Scott DW, Wolfe MJ, Smith CA, Lewis RM. The comparative pathology of non-viral bullous skin diseases in domestic animals.. Vet Pathol 1980 May;17(3):257-81.
    doi: 10.1177/030098588001700301pubmed: 6989092google scholar: lookup
  73. Scott DW. Feline dermatology 1979-1982: introspective retrospections. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1984;20(4):537–564.
  74. Manning TO, Scott DW, Smith CA, Lewis RM. Pemphigus diseases in the feline: seven case reports and discussion. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1982;82:433–443.
  75. Zawar V, Pawar M, Kumavat S. Recurrent Paronychia as a Presenting Manifestation of Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Case Report.. Skin Appendage Disord 2017 Mar;3(1):28-31.
    doi: 10.1159/000455881pmc: PMC5465668pubmed: 28611998google scholar: lookup
  76. Apalla Z, Chaidemenos G, Karakatsanis G. Nail unit involvement during severe initial pemphigus vulgaris development.. Eur J Dermatol 2009 May-Jun;19(3):290-1.
    doi: 10.1684/ejd.2009.0664pubmed: 19258233google scholar: lookup
  77. Cahali JB, Kakuda EY, Santi CG, Maruta CW. Nail manifestations in pemphigus vulgaris.. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 2002 Sep-Oct;57(5):229-34.
    doi: 10.1590/S0041-87812002000500007pubmed: 12436180google scholar: lookup
  78. Serratos BD, Rashid RM. Nail disease in pemphigus vulgaris.. Dermatol Online J 2009 Jul 15;15(7):2.
    pubmed: 19903430
  79. Seo JW, Park J, Lee J, Kim MY, Choi HJ, Jeong HJ, Lee JW, Jung SY, Kim WK. A case of pemphigus vulgaris associated with ulcerative colitis.. Intest Res 2018 Jan;16(1):147-150.
    doi: 10.5217/ir.2018.16.1.147pmc: PMC5797262pubmed: 29422810google scholar: lookup
  80. Salzberg KW, Gero MJ, Ragsdale BD. Pemphigus vulgaris in pregnancy.. Cutis 2014 Oct;94(4):206-9.
    pubmed: 25372257
  81. Wurm S, Mattise AW, Dunstan RW. Comparative pathology of pemphigus in dogs and humans.. Clin Dermatol 1994 Oct-Dec;12(4):515-24.
    doi: 10.1016/0738-081X(94)90218-6pubmed: 7866945google scholar: lookup
  82. Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, Affolter VK. Bullous and acantholytic diseases of the epidermis and the dermal-epidermal junction. In: skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis. 2nd ed. ed. edited by Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, Affolter VK. Iowa: Blackwell Science; 2005.
  83. Cipolla GA, Park JK, Lavker RM, Petzl-Erler ML. Crosstalk between Signaling Pathways in Pemphigus: A Role for Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation?. Front Immunol 2017;8:1022.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01022pmc: PMC5591886pubmed: 28928733google scholar: lookup
  84. Janse IC, van der Wier G, Jonkman MF, Pas HH, Diercks GFH. No evidence of apoptotic cells in pemphigus acantholysis.. J Invest Dermatol 2014 Jul;134(7):2039-2041.
    doi: 10.1038/jid.2014.60pubmed: 24487306google scholar: lookup
  85. Nemec A, Zavodovskaya R, Affolter VK, Verstraete FJ. Erythema multiforme and epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma in the oral cavity of dogs: 1989 to 2009.. J Small Anim Pract 2012 Aug;53(8):445-52.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01230.xpubmed: 22784253google scholar: lookup
  86. Dip R, Carmichael J, Letellier I, Strehlau G, Roberts E, Bensignor E, Rosenkrantz W. Concurrent short-term use of prednisolone with cyclosporine A accelerates pruritus reduction and improvement in clinical scoring in dogs with atopic dermatitis.. BMC Vet Res 2013 Sep 3;9:173.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-173pmc: PMC3847128pubmed: 24004561google scholar: lookup
  87. Mueller RS, Olivry T. Onychobiopsy without onychectomy: description of a new biopsy technique for canine claws. Vet Dermatol 1999;10(1):55–59.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.1999.00120.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  88. Nishifuji K, Tamura K, Konno H, Olivry T, Amagai M, Iwasaki T. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of circulating IgG autoantibodies against canine desmoglein 3 in dogs with pemphigus. In: DJ DB, Affolter VK, Hill PB, editors. Proceedings of the Sixth World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology. Hong Kong: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. pp. 248–255.
  89. Rastetter W, Molina A, White CA. Rituximab: expanding role in therapy for lymphomas and autoimmune diseases.. Annu Rev Med 2004;55:477-503.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104249pubmed: 14746532google scholar: lookup
  90. Ito D, Brewer S, Modiano JF, Beall MJ. Development of a novel anti-canine CD20 monoclonal antibody with diagnostic and therapeutic potential.. Leuk Lymphoma 2015 Jan;56(1):219-25.
    doi: 10.3109/10428194.2014.914193pmc: PMC5002357pubmed: 24724777google scholar: lookup
  91. Rue SM, Eckelman BP, Efe JA, Bloink K, Deveraux QL, Lowery D, Nasoff M. Identification of a candidate therapeutic antibody for treatment of canine B-cell lymphoma.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015 Apr 15;164(3-4):148-59.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.02.004pubmed: 25764941google scholar: lookup
  92. Zaraa I, Sellami A, Bouguerra C, Sellami MK, Chelly I, Zitouna M, Makni S, Hmida AB, Mokni M, Osman AB. Pemphigus vegetans: a clinical, histological, immunopathological and prognostic study.. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011 Oct;25(10):1160-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03939.xpubmed: 21198951google scholar: lookup
  93. Becker BA, Gaspari AA. Pemphigus vulgaris and vegetans.. Dermatol Clin 1993 Jul;11(3):429-52.
    doi: 10.1016/S0733-8635(18)30241-9pubmed: 8365030google scholar: lookup
  94. Nelson CG, Apisarnthanarax P, Bean SF, Mullins JF. Pemphigus vegetans of Hallopeau: immunofluorescent studies.. Arch Dermatol 1977 Jul;113(7):942-5.
    doi: 10.1001/archderm.1977.01640070076011pubmed: 327939google scholar: lookup
  95. Scott DW. Pemphigus vegetans in a dog.. Cornell Vet 1977 Jul;67(3):374-84.
    pubmed: 872594
  96. Heimann M, Beco L, Petein M, Nishifuji K, Amagai M, Olivry T. Canine hyperplastic intraepidermal pustular and suprabasal acantholytic dermatosis with features of human pemphigus vegetans.. Vet Pathol 2007 Jul;44(4):550-5.
    doi: 10.1354/vp.44-4-550pubmed: 17606523google scholar: lookup
  97. Vercelli A, Cornegliani L. Hyperplastic-verrucous chronic dermatitis with suprabasal follicular acantholysis in a young bulldog. Veterinaria 2012;26(3):47–52.
  98. Ohata Y, Hashimoto T, Nishikawa T. Comparative study of autoantigens for various bullous skin diseases by immunoblotting using different dermo-epidermal separation techniques.. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995 Nov;20(6):454-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1995.tb01376.xpubmed: 8857335google scholar: lookup
  99. Ohata Y, Komiya H, Kawahara Y, Watanabe K, Nishikawa T, Hashimoto T. A case of Neumann type pemphigus vegetans showing reactivity with the 130 kD pemphigus vulgaris antigen.. Acta Derm Venereol 1996 Mar;76(2):169-70.
    pubmed: 8740287doi: 10.2340/0001555576169170google scholar: lookup
  100. Morizane S, Yamamoto T, Hisamatsu Y, Tsuji K, Oono T, Hashimoto T, Iwatsuki K. Pemphigus vegetans with IgG and IgA antidesmoglein 3 antibodies.. Br J Dermatol 2005 Dec;153(6):1236-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06956.xpubmed: 16307672google scholar: lookup
  101. Parodi A, Stanley JR, Ciaccio M, Rebora A. Epidermal antigens in pemphigus vegetans. Report of a case.. Br J Dermatol 1988 Dec;119(6):799-802.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03507.xpubmed: 3203073google scholar: lookup
  102. Mergler R, Kerstan A, Schmidt E, Goebeler M, Benoit S. Atypical Clinical and Serological Manifestation of Pemphigus Vegetans: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.. Case Rep Dermatol 2017 Jan-Apr;9(1):121-130.
    doi: 10.1159/000468919pmc: PMC5437479pubmed: 28559810google scholar: lookup
  103. Sukakul T, Varothai S. Chronic Paronychia and Onychomadesis in Pemphigus Vegetans: An Unusual Presentation in a Rare Autoimmune Disease.. Case Rep Med 2018;2018:5980937.
    doi: 10.1155/2018/5980937pmc: PMC5821983pubmed: 29560011google scholar: lookup
  104. Ruocco V, Ruocco E, Caccavale S, Gambardella A, Lo Schiavo A. Pemphigus vegetans of the folds (intertriginous areas).. Clin Dermatol 2015 Jul-Aug;33(4):471-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.04.011pubmed: 26051064google scholar: lookup
  105. Mori M, Mariotti G, Grandi V, Gunnella S, Maio V. "Pemphigus vegetans of the scalp".. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016 Feb;30(2):368-70.
    doi: 10.1111/jdv.12793pubmed: 25339136google scholar: lookup
  106. Wick MR, Patterson JW. Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes.. Semin Diagn Pathol 2019 Jul;36(4):211-228.
    doi: 10.1053/j.semdp.2019.01.001pubmed: 30736994google scholar: lookup
  107. Henry K. Paraneoplastic syndromes: Definitions, classification, pathophysiology and principles of treatment.. Semin Diagn Pathol 2019 Jul;36(4):204-210.
    doi: 10.1053/j.semdp.2019.01.002pubmed: 30876820google scholar: lookup
  108. Anhalt GJ, Kim SC, Stanley JR, Korman NJ, Jabs DA, Kory M, Izumi H, Ratrie H 3rd, Mutasim D, Ariss-Abdo L. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. An autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with neoplasia.. N Engl J Med 1990 Dec 20;323(25):1729-35.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJM199012203232503pubmed: 2247105google scholar: lookup
  109. Lemmens P, de Bruin A, Meulemeester J, Wyder M, Suter M. Paraneoplastic pemphigus in a dog. Vet Dermatol 1998;9:127–134.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.1998.00095.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  110. Elmore SA, Basseches J, Anhalt GJ, Cullen JM, Olivry T. Paraneoplastic pemphigus in a dog with splenic sarcoma.. Vet Pathol 2005 Jan;42(1):88-91.
    doi: 10.1354/vp.42-1-88pubmed: 15657279google scholar: lookup
  111. Hill PB, Brain P, Collins D, Fearnside S, Olivry T. Putative paraneoplastic pemphigus and myasthenia gravis in a cat with a lymphocytic thymoma.. Vet Dermatol 2013 Dec;24(6):646-9, e163-4.
    doi: 10.1111/vde.12086pubmed: 24164490google scholar: lookup
  112. Williams MA, Dowling PM, Angarano DW, Yu AA, DiFranco BJ, Lenz SD, Anhalt GJ. Paraneoplastic bullous stomatitis in a horse.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995 Aug 1;207(3):331-4.
    pubmed: 7628936
  113. Kim JH, Kim SC. Paraneoplastic Pemphigus: Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Disease of the Skin and Mucosa.. Front Immunol 2019;10:1259.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01259pmc: PMC6558011pubmed: 31214197google scholar: lookup
  114. Paolino G, Didona D, Magliulo G, Iannella G, Didona B, Mercuri SR, Moliterni E, Donati M, Ciofalo A, Granata G, Ranuzzi P, Falasca V, Calvieri S. Paraneoplastic Pemphigus: Insight into the Autoimmune Pathogenesis, Clinical Features and Therapy.. Int J Mol Sci 2017 Nov 26;18(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms18122532pmc: PMC5751135pubmed: 29186863google scholar: lookup
  115. Tilakaratne W, Dissanayake M. Paraneoplastic pemphigus: a case report and review of literature.. Oral Dis 2005 Sep;11(5):326-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01116.xpubmed: 16120122google scholar: lookup
  116. Zhu X, Zhang B. Paraneoplastic pemphigus.. J Dermatol 2007 Aug;34(8):503-11.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2007.00322.xpubmed: 17683379google scholar: lookup
  117. Maruta CW, Miyamoto D, Aoki V, Carvalho RGR, Cunha BM, Santi CG. Paraneoplastic pemphigus: a clinical, laboratorial, and therapeutic overview.. An Bras Dermatol 2019;94(4):388-398.
    doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20199165pmc: PMC7007015pubmed: 31644609google scholar: lookup
  118. Amagai M, Nishikawa T, Nousari HC, Anhalt GJ, Hashimoto T. Antibodies against desmoglein 3 (pemphigus vulgaris antigen) are present in sera from patients with paraneoplastic pemphigus and cause acantholysis in vivo in neonatal mice.. J Clin Invest 1998 Aug 15;102(4):775-82.
    doi: 10.1172/JCI3647pmc: PMC508940pubmed: 9710446google scholar: lookup
  119. Ohyama M, Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Nousari HC, Anhalt GJ, Nishikawa T. Clinical phenotype and anti-desmoglein autoantibody profile in paraneoplastic pemphigus.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001 Apr;44(4):593-8.
    doi: 10.1067/mjd.2001.112222pubmed: 11260531google scholar: lookup
  120. de Bruin A, Müller E, Wyder M, Anhalt GJ, Lemmens P, Suter MM. Periplakin and envoplakin are target antigens in canine and human paraneoplastic pemphigus.. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999 May;40(5 Pt 1):682-5.
    doi: 10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70147-7pubmed: 10321593google scholar: lookup
  121. Wieczorek M, Czernik A. Paraneoplastic pemphigus: a short review.. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2016;9:291-295.
    doi: 10.2147/CCID.S100802pmc: PMC5042195pubmed: 27729809google scholar: lookup
  122. Ohzono A, Sogame R, Li X, Teye K, Tsuchisaka A, Numata S, Koga H, Kawakami T, Tsuruta D, Ishii N, Hashimoto T. Clinical and immunological findings in 104 cases of paraneoplastic pemphigus.. Br J Dermatol 2015 Dec;173(6):1447-52.
    doi: 10.1111/bjd.14162pubmed: 26358412google scholar: lookup
  123. Lee SE, Hashimoto T, Kim SC. No mucosal involvement in a patient with paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with thymoma and myasthenia gravis.. Br J Dermatol 2008 Sep;159(4):986-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08763.xpubmed: 18644017google scholar: lookup
  124. Horn TD, Anhalt GJ. Histologic features of paraneoplastic pemphigus.. Arch Dermatol 1992 Aug;128(8):1091-5.
    doi: 10.1001/archderm.1992.01680180085011pubmed: 1497365google scholar: lookup
  125. Levy BJ, Linder KE, Mamo LB, Herrmann I, Bizikova P. Cutaneous polyautoimmunity in two unrelated dogs: pemphigus foliaceus and generalized discoid lupus erythematosus.. Vet Dermatol 2020 Aug;31(4):325-e84.
    pubmed: 32342582doi: 10.1111/vde.12851google scholar: lookup
  126. Bilgic Temel A, Ergün E, Poot AM, Bassorgun CI, Akman-Karakaş A, Uzun S, Alpsoy E, Pas HH, Jonkman MF. A rare case with prominent features of both discoid lupus erythematosus and pemphigus foliaceus.. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019 Jan;33(1):e5-e7.
    doi: 10.1111/jdv.15099pubmed: 29858874google scholar: lookup
  127. Leger S, Picard D, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Arnault JP, Aubin F, Carsuzaa F, Chaumentin G, Chevrant-Breton J, Chosidow O, Crickx B, D'incan M, Dandurand M, Debarbieux S, Delaporte E, Dereure O, Doutre MS, Guillet G, Jullien D, Kupfer I, Lacour JP, Leonard F, Lok C, Machet L, Martin L, Paul C, Pignon JM, Robert C, Thomas L, Weiller PJ, Ferranti V, Gilbert D, Courville P, Houivet E, Benichou J, Joly P. Prognostic factors of paraneoplastic pemphigus.. Arch Dermatol 2012 Oct;148(10):1165-72.
    doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2012.1830pubmed: 22801794google scholar: lookup
  128. Robat CS, Cesario L, Gaeta R, Miller M, Schrempp D, Chun R. Clinical features, treatment options, and outcome in dogs with thymoma: 116 cases (1999-2010).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013 Nov 15;243(10):1448-54.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.243.10.1448pubmed: 24171375google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 7 times.
  1. Hobi S, Beatty JA, Sandy JR, Barrs VR. Successful management of feline pemphigus foliaceus with pentoxifylline and topical hydrocortisone aceponate. Vet Med Sci 2022 May;8(3):937-944.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.768pubmed: 35212177google scholar: lookup
  2. Raef HS, Piedra-Mora C, Wong NB, Ma DJ, David CN, Robinson NA, Almela RM, Richmond JM. Gene Expression Analysis in Four Dogs With Canine Pemphigus Clinical Subtypes Reveals B Cell Signatures and Immune Activation Pathways Similar to Human Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021;8:723982.
    doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.723982pubmed: 34660634google scholar: lookup
  3. Guillén A, Hendricks A, Verbrugghe A, Rocchigiani G, Espadalé E. Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes in cats: a comparative clinical review. J Feline Med Surg 2026 Jan;28(1):1098612X251407872.
    doi: 10.1177/1098612X251407872pubmed: 41607126google scholar: lookup
  4. Banovic F, Gomes P, Trainor K. Feline immune-mediated skin disorders: Part 1. J Feline Med Surg 2025 Apr;27(4):1098612X251323413.
    doi: 10.1177/1098612X251323413pubmed: 40219649google scholar: lookup
  5. Baek H, Yang SW, Kim S, Lee Y, Park H, Park M, Jeon BJ, Park H, Hwang HS, Kim JY, Kim JH, Kang YS. Development of Anti-Inflammatory Agents Utilizing DC-SIGN Mediated IL-10 Secretion in Autoimmune and Immune-Mediated Disorders: Bridging Veterinary and Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2025 Mar 5;26(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms26052329pubmed: 40076949google scholar: lookup
  6. Dosenberry C, Arzi B, Palm C, Vapniarsky N, Soltero-Rivera M. An update on oral manifestations of systemic disorders in dogs and cats. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1511971.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1511971pubmed: 39834923google scholar: lookup
  7. Strichea AH, Hreniuc ȘL, Solcan G. Non-Invasive Paraclinical Diagnosis of Hepatocutaneous Syndrome in a Dog. Life (Basel) 2024 Jul 8;14(7).
    doi: 10.3390/life14070853pubmed: 39063607google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.