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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2024; 13(3); 236; doi: 10.3390/pathogens13030236

Detection of Chlamydia psittaci in the Genital Tract of Horses and in Environmental Samples: A Pilot Study in Sardinia.

Abstract: The members of the family are important pathogens that infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans. Among them, , historically considered as an avian agent, has recently been identified in livestock, primarily sheep and cattle, but also in horses, with the infection being linked to reproductive disorders, such as abortion, absorption of embryos, stillbirth, and the birth of weak foals. Much less is known about chlamydial infections in the Sardinian equine population. This study aimed to identify the chlamydial diversity in genital samples from asymptomatic Sardinian horses. However, some horses had a previous history of reproductive disorders, i.e., abortion and infertility. A total of 60 horses (39 mares and 21 stallions) were opportunistically recruited from 17 equine farms in central-northern Sardinia. Vaginal and uterine swabs from mares and urethral swabs and seminal fluid from stallions were sampled for the presence of chlamydial DNA. Samples from environments where the horses lived were also tested for the detection of spp. Eight vaginal swabs (8/39; 20%), two uterine swabs (2/27; 7%), two seminal fluid samples (2/20; 10%), and one urethral swab (1/21; 4.7%) were found to be positive for spp. by PCR analysis. In addition, results from environmental samples showed the presence of spp. in three environmental swabs (3/8; 37.5%) and five water samples (5/16; 31.2%). Sequencing results revealed that strains here identified were 99-100% similar to members belonging to the family, including , , and uncultured genotypes. species-specific PCR performed on samples was found to be positive after 16S rRNA amplification gave positive results for . These results reveal the first presence of in the genital tract of horses and in the environment in Sardinia and indicate that this pathogen could be the prevailing cause of infertility and abortion in the tested equines. However, these findings need further proof and highlight the importance of adopting a 'One Health' approach to control the presence of this zoonotic bacteria in domestic animals in order to understand its impact on people exposed to the infection risk.
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Publication Date: 2024-03-07 PubMed ID: 38535579PubMed Central: PMC10975369DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13030236Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigated the presence of the bacterium Chlamydia psittaci in the genital tracts of horses and their environments in Sardinia, discovering it in both asymptomatic and reproductively impaired horses and in environmental samples, suggesting a possible link to equine reproductive disorders and highlighting zoonotic and environmental health concerns.

Background

  • Members of the Chlamydiaceae family are bacterial pathogens that infect many vertebrates, including humans.
  • Chlamydia psittaci was historically considered a pathogen primarily affecting birds (avian agent).
  • More recently, C. psittaci infections have been identified in various livestock such as sheep, cattle, and horses.
  • In horses, infections have been associated with reproductive issues including:
    • Abortion
    • Embryo absorption
    • Stillbirth
    • Birth of weak foals
  • Sardinian horses’ exposure to chlamydial infections had not been studied extensively before this research.

Research Aim

  • To identify the diversity of chlamydial bacteria, specifically focusing on C. psittaci, in the genital tracts of asymptomatic horses from Sardinia.
  • To evaluate if horses with a history of reproductive problems were positive for chlamydial infection.
  • To detect the presence of C. psittaci in the environments where these horses were kept (e.g., barn surfaces, water sources).

Study Design and Sample Collection

  • Sixty horses from 17 equine farms in central-northern Sardinia were studied, consisting of 39 mares and 21 stallions.
  • From mares, vaginal and uterine swabs were collected.
  • From stallions, urethral swabs and seminal fluid samples were collected.
  • Environmental samples included swabs from horse habitats and water samples.

Methods

  • PCR analysis was performed to detect chlamydial DNA in biological and environmental samples.
  • Species-specific PCR targeting 16S rRNA gene sequences was used to confirm presence of C. psittaci.
  • Sequencing of positive samples was conducted to compare strain similarity with known Chlamydiaceae family members and genotypes.

Key Findings

  • Detection rates of C. psittaci DNA in horse samples were:
    • 20% of vaginal swabs (8/39)
    • 7% of uterine swabs (2/27)
    • 10% of seminal fluid samples (2/20)
    • 4.7% of urethral swabs (1/21)
  • Environmental detection included:
    • 37.5% positivity in environmental surface swabs (3/8)
    • 31.2% positivity in water samples (5/16)
  • Sequencing showed 99-100% similarity to Chlamydiaceae species, including known C. psittaci strains and uncultured genotypes.
  • This study is the first to report C. psittaci in the genital tract of horses and in their environment in Sardinia.

Implications

  • The presence of C. psittaci may be a significant cause of infertility, abortion, and other reproductive disorders observed in Sardinian horses.
  • There is a potential zoonotic risk since C. psittaci can infect humans, highlighting a public health concern.
  • Environmental contamination with C. psittaci suggests a possible transmission route between horses and their environment.
  • The findings emphasize the importance of a “One Health” approach, which integrates animal, human, and environmental health management for controlling chlamydial infections.
  • Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results and to assess the broader impact on equine reproductive health and human exposure risk.

Conclusions

  • This pilot study provides evidence for the presence and potential role of C. psittaci in equine reproductive health issues in Sardinia.
  • Environmental reservoirs may contribute to the persistence and spread of this pathogen among horses.
  • Control measures should consider both animal management and environmental sanitation to reduce infection risks.

Cite This Article

APA
Muroni G, Serra E, Biggio GP, Sanna D, Cherchi R, Taras A, Appino S, Foxi C, Masala G, Loi F, Chisu V. (2024). Detection of Chlamydia psittaci in the Genital Tract of Horses and in Environmental Samples: A Pilot Study in Sardinia. Pathogens, 13(3), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13030236

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
PII: 236

Researcher Affiliations

Muroni, Gaia
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
Serra, Elisa
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
Biggio, Giovanni Paolo
  • AGRIS, Servizio Ricerca Qualità e Valorizzazione delle Produzioni Equine, 07014 Ozieri, Italy.
Sanna, Daniela
  • AGRIS, Servizio Ricerca Qualità e Valorizzazione delle Produzioni Equine, 07014 Ozieri, Italy.
Cherchi, Raffaele
  • AGRIS, Servizio Ricerca Qualità e Valorizzazione delle Produzioni Equine, 07014 Ozieri, Italy.
Taras, Andrea
  • AGRIS, Servizio Ricerca Qualità e Valorizzazione delle Produzioni Equine, 07014 Ozieri, Italy.
Appino, Simonetta
  • Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
Foxi, Cipriano
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
Masala, Giovanna
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
Loi, Federica
  • Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
Chisu, Valentina
  • Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses / microbiology
  • Animals
  • Chlamydophila psittaci / isolation & purification
  • Chlamydophila psittaci / genetics
  • Italy / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Female
  • Pilot Projects
  • Psittacosis / microbiology
  • Psittacosis / veterinary
  • Psittacosis / diagnosis
  • Psittacosis / epidemiology
  • Male
  • Genitalia / microbiology
  • Chlamydia Infections / veterinary
  • Chlamydia Infections / microbiology
  • Chlamydia Infections / diagnosis
  • Chlamydia Infections / epidemiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Gao W, Liu M, Nurdaly K, Caidan D, Sun Y, Duan J, Zhao J, Gong X, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Chen Q. Unveiling Equine Abortion Pathogens: A One Health Perspective on Prevalence and Resistance in Northwest China. Pathogens 2025 Dec 11;14(12).
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