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Drug testing and analysis2019; 11(9); 1431-1443; doi: 10.1002/dta.2661

Detection, pharmacokinetics, and selected pharmacodynamic effects of methamphetamine following a single transmucosal and intravenous administration to exercised Thoroughbred horses.

Abstract: Methamphetamine is a central and peripheral nervous system stimulant. There is only a single study that describes exposure to and disposition of this compound in horses. The potential for abuse and inadvertent exposure in equine athletes along with the limited data available necessitates further study. The objectives of the current study were to describe drug and metabolite concentrations, develop an analytical method that could be used to regulate its use, and describe selected pharmacodynamic effects. In phase 1, six horses were randomized into three transmucosal dose groups (n = 2/group; 0.5, 1.0 or 10 mg). In phase 2, horses received a single 10 mg intravenous dose. In phase 3, the effects of urinary pH on elimination were studied. Blood and urine samples were collected for up to 72 hours post drug administration. Concentrations of methamphetamine were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methamphetamine was below the limit of detection (LOD) in blood by 2, 4, and 18 hours following transmucosal administration of 0.5, 1, and 10 mg, respectively. Following intravenous administration, methamphetamine fell below the LOD between 12 and 18 hours. Following urinary acidification, methamphetamine fell below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) by 12 hours. In urine, methamphetamine was no longer detected at 48, 48, and 72 hours in the 0.5, 1, and 10 mg transmucosal groups and 18 hours in the intravenous group. Increased urinary pH resulted in urinary concentrations of methamphetamine falling below detectable levels by 48 hours post transmucosal administration. While the number of animals was small, behavioral, stimulatory, and cardiac effects were minimal.
© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2019-07-29 PubMed ID: 31218824DOI: 10.1002/dta.2661Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates the detection, pharmacokinetics, and selected pharmacodynamic effects of methamphetamine in horses, offering important information for regulating the potential use or abuse of the drug in the equine sports industry.

Objective and Rationale for the Study

  • The primary aim of this study was to better understand the pharmacokinetics — the drug and its metabolite concentrations, how it is absorbed and distributed, and the time it takes your body to eliminate it — and certain pharmacodynamic effects of methamphetamine in horses.
  • The study also sought to develop an analytical method for detecting methamphetamine in horses, which could be useful in implementing regulations in the equine sports industry to prevent drug misuse.

Experimental Procedure

  • In the three-phased study, six horses were first randomly assigned to one of three groups, each given a different dose (0.5, 1.0 or 10 mg) of methamphetamine through transmucosal administration.
  • In the second phase, the horses were each given a single intravenous dose of 10 mg of methamphetamine.
  • The third phase examined the effects the urinary pH has on the elimination of the drug from the horses’ bodies.
  • Both blood and urine samples were collected up to 72 hours after the administration of the drug. The concentrations of methamphetamine were then measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Results of the Study

  • The concentration of methamphetamine in the blood was under the limit of detection (LOD) by 2, 4, and 18 hours following transmucosal administration of 0.5, 1, and 10 mg, respectively.
  • Following intravenous administration, methamphetamine was below LOD between 12 and 18 hours.
  • After urinary acidification, methamphetamine was below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) by 12 hours.
  • In urine, methamphetamine was no longer detected at 48, 48, and 72 hours in the 0.5, 1, and 10 mg transmucosal groups and 18 hours in the intravenous group.
  • Increase in urinary pH led to undetectable levels of methamphetamine by 48 hours post transmucosal administration.
  • Even though the number of animals used for the study was small, there were only minimal effects on behaviour, stimulation, and cardiac activity.

Conclusion

  • This study provided valuable insights about the pharmacokinetics of methamphetamine in horses, facilitating the development of an analytical method for its detection.
  • This research is significant in preventing potential misuse of the drug in the equine sports industry and ensuring fair and ethical competition.

Cite This Article

APA
Knych HK, Arthur RM, Kanarr KL, McKemie DS, Kass PH. (2019). Detection, pharmacokinetics, and selected pharmacodynamic effects of methamphetamine following a single transmucosal and intravenous administration to exercised Thoroughbred horses. Drug Test Anal, 11(9), 1431-1443. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2661

Publication

Drug testing and analysis
ISSN: 1942-7611
NlmUniqueID: 101483449
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 9
Pages: 1431-1443

Researcher Affiliations

Knych, Heather K
  • K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
  • Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
Arthur, Rick M
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
Kanarr, Kirsten L
  • K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
McKemie, Dan S
  • K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
Kass, Philip H
  • Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Administration, Intravenous
  • Administration, Mucosal
  • Animals
  • Central Nervous System Stimulants / administration & dosage
  • Central Nervous System Stimulants / blood
  • Central Nervous System Stimulants / pharmacology
  • Central Nervous System Stimulants / urine
  • Doping in Sports
  • Drug Monitoring
  • Female
  • Horses / blood
  • Horses / urine
  • Limit of Detection
  • Male
  • Methamphetamine / administration & dosage
  • Methamphetamine / blood
  • Methamphetamine / pharmacology
  • Methamphetamine / urine
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal
  • Substance Abuse Detection

Grant Funding

  • California Horse Racing Board

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Waller P, Lomnicka I, Lucas C, Johnson S, Dirikolu L. The medication violations in racehorses at Louisiana racetracks from 2016 to 2020. Vet Med Sci 2022 Mar;8(2):553-560.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.724pubmed: 34989156google scholar: lookup
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