Differential effects of virulent and avirulent equine infectious anemia virus on macrophage cytokine expression.
Abstract: Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) causes rapid development of acute disease followed by recurring episodes of fever, thrombocytopenia, and viremia. Most infected equid eventually bring the virus under immunological control. We recently reported the development of an equine-specific ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) to quantitate mRNA levels of 10 cytokines. Using this newly developed RPA, we now show significant differences in cytokine induction in equine monocyte-derived macrophages (EMDM) exposed to virulent and avirulent EIAV. Virulent EIAV17 induced significant increases in interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by 0.5-1 h postinfection (hpi). In contrast, the avirulent virus failed to induce any of the tested cytokines above that of control levels. These data show a direct correlation between cytokine dysregulation and EIAV pathogenesis.
Publication Date: 2005-01-22 PubMed ID: 15661161DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.11.027Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Research Support
- U.S. Gov't
- Non-P.H.S.
- Research Support
- U.S. Gov't
- P.H.S.
Summary
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This research examines the difference in immune response (specifically cytokine expression) between horses infected with a harmful strain of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and those infected with a non-harmful strain. The harmful strain caused significant increases in several cytokines, while the non-harmful strain did not, showing a link between disrupted cytokine expression and the severity of EIAV infection.
Background on Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV)
- EIAV is a virus that causes a serious and recurring condition in horses and other equids, characterized by fever, low platelet counts, and viremia (presence of viruses in the blood).
- Most infected animals eventually control the virus through their immune systems, but disease symptoms can resurface periodically.
Research Tools: The Ribonuclease Protection Assay (RPA)
- The study utilized a recently developed equine-specific ribonuclease protection assay (RPA). This is a technique that measures the levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) of 10 different cytokines.
- Cytokines are important proteins that are crucially involved in immune responses, including inflammation and the stimulation of the immune system against various pathogens.
Findings on Cytokine Induction
- Equine monocyte-derived macrophages (EMDM), a type of immune cell in horses, were exposed to both a virulent (harmful) strain of EIAV and an avirulent (non-harmful) strain.
- The harmful EIAV strain resulted in significant increases in various cytokines within a short period of time after infection.
- Increased expression of cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were observed.
- In contrast, the non-harmful EIAV strain did not cause any significant increase in the cytokines tested above control levels, indicating it does not perturb cytokine regulation.
Implication on EIAV Pathogenesis
- The key takeaway from this research is the discovery of a direct relationship between the regulation of cytokine expression and EIAV infection severity.
- This could potentially suggest further avenues for treatment or vaccine development by targeting specific cytokines, in order to modulate the immune response to EIAV.
Cite This Article
APA
Lim WS, Payne SL, Edwards JF, Kim I, Ball JM.
(2005).
Differential effects of virulent and avirulent equine infectious anemia virus on macrophage cytokine expression.
Virology, 332(1), 295-306.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2004.11.027 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinery Medicine, Texas A and M University, 4467 TAMU, TVMC, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines / genetics
- Cytokines / metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / genetics
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / pathogenicity
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / physiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear / metabolism
- Macrophages / metabolism
- Macrophages / virology
- RNA, Messenger / analysis
- Ribonucleases / pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism
- Virulence
Grant Funding
- CA59278 / NCI NIH HHS
Citations
This article has been cited 2 times.- Covaleda L, Fuller FJ, Payne SL. EIAV S2 enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine response in infected macrophages. Virology 2010 Feb 5;397(1):217-23.
- Allen CA, Payne SL, Harville M, Cohen N, Russell KE. Validation of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for measuring cytokine expression in equine macrophages. J Immunol Methods 2007 Dec 1;328(1-2):59-69.
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