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Viruses2013; 5(11); 2856-2880; doi: 10.3390/v5112856

Differential virulence and pathogenesis of West Nile viruses.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus that cycles between mosquitoes and birds but that can also infect humans, horses, and other vertebrate animals. In most humans, WNV infection remains subclinical. However, 20%-40% of those infected may develop WNV disease, with symptoms ranging from fever to meningoencephalitis. A large variety of WNV strains have been described worldwide. Based on their genetic differences, they have been classified into eight lineages; the pathogenic strains belong to lineages 1 and 2. Ten years ago, Beasley et al. (2002) found that dramatic differences exist in the virulence and neuroinvasion properties of lineage 1 and lineage 2 WNV strains. Further insights on how WNV interacts with its hosts have recently been gained; the virus acts either at the periphery or on the central nervous system (CNS), and these observed differences could help explain the differential virulence and neurovirulence of WNV strains. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on factors that trigger WNV dissemination and CNS invasion as well as on the inflammatory response and CNS damage induced by WNV. Moreover, we will discuss how WNV strains differentially interact with the innate immune system and CNS cells, thus influencing WNV pathogenesis.
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Publication Date: 2013-11-22 PubMed ID: 24284878PubMed Central: PMC3856419DOI: 10.3390/v5112856Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the differences in virulence and pathogenesis between various strains of the West Nile virus (WNV), a virus that primarily cycles between birds and mosquitos but can also infect humans and other animals. The research highlights factors impacting viral spread and brain invasion, as well as how different WNV strains interact with the immune system and brain cells differently, influencing disease development.

Introduction to West Nile Virus (WNV)

  • The article begins by explaining the nature of WNV. It is a neurotropic flavivirus, primarily circulating between mosquitoes and birds. However, it can also infect humans, horses, and other vertebrate animals.
  • Even though the infection remains subclinical in most humans, between 20% to 40% of infected people can develop WNV disease. This can result in a variety of symptoms ranging from mere fever to meningoencephalitis, an inflammation of the brain and its surrounding membranes.

Lineages and Variance in Virulence

  • Based on genetic variations, different strains of the WNV worldwide have been classified into eight lineages. However, only strains from lineages 1 and 2 have been identified to be pathogenic.
  • The article highlights a study by Beasley et al. in 2002, which found considerable differences in the virulence and neuroinvasion properties between lineage 1 and lineage 2 WNV strains.

Interactions with Host and Invasion of Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Recent insights have been gained on how the WNV interacts with its hosts. It has been found that the virus acts either at the periphery or on the central nervous system (CNS).
  • The article seeks to give a comprehensive summary of the existing knowledge on the factors that trigger the dissemination of WNV and its invasion into the central nervous system. The variance in the interactions of the WNV with these regions might explain its differential virulence and neurovirulence.

Triggering Inflammatory Response and CNS Damage

  • The review also covers how the WNV triggers an inflammatory response and potentially induces damage to the CNS.
  • It’s clear that the impacts of WNV on the central nervous system and inflammation responses could be significant, and accordingly, understanding these mechanisms is crucial.

Differential Interactions with the Immune System and CNS Cells

  • Different strains of the WNV interact differently with the innate immune system and CNS cells. It’s important to understand that these interactions heavily influence WNV pathogenesis—the development of the disease.
  • The review divulges into how WNV pathogenesis varies based on the differential interactions of WNV strains with the immune system and CNS cells.

Cite This Article

APA
Donadieu E, Bahuon C, Lowenski S, Zientara S, Coulpier M, Lecollinet S. (2013). Differential virulence and pathogenesis of West Nile viruses. Viruses, 5(11), 2856-2880. https://doi.org/10.3390/v5112856

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 5
Issue: 11
Pages: 2856-2880

Researcher Affiliations

Donadieu, Emilie
  • Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), UMR 1161 Virologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES) , Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), 7 avenue du Général De Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France. sylvie.lecollinet@anses.fr.
Bahuon, Céline
    Lowenski, Steeve
      Zientara, Stéphan
        Coulpier, Muriel
          Lecollinet, Sylvie

            MeSH Terms

            • Animals
            • Central Nervous System Diseases / immunology
            • Central Nervous System Diseases / virology
            • Humans
            • Virulence
            • West Nile Fever / immunology
            • West Nile Fever / virology
            • West Nile virus / classification
            • West Nile virus / genetics
            • West Nile virus / isolation & purification
            • West Nile virus / pathogenicity

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