Abstract: The clinical and cardiorespiratory effects of premedication with acepromazine, butorphanol or diazepam in addition to romifidine before induction of anaesthesia with ketamine were studied in 6 horses on 4 random occasions. Administration of romifidine alone or in combination with butorphanol resulted in an increase in arterial blood pressure, accompanied by a significant decrease in heart rate with second-degree atrio-ventricular heart block. Induction of anaesthesia with ketamine returned the heart rate to baseline value, but the arterial blood pressure was significantly increased compared to baseline. Including acepromazine in the premedication prevented the hypertension and bradycardia induced by romifidine. The respiratory rate was slightly decreased after premedication in all groups, but returned to the baseline value after induction of anaesthesia. Mild hypercapnia and significant hypoxaemia were observed during sedation and anaesthesia, reflecting an impairment of pulmonary function. Premedication with acepromazine before sedation with romifidine resulted in a fast induction and good anaesthesia. Inclusion of butorphanol in the premedication resulted in individual variation in the quality of induction and anaesthesia. Addition of diazepam to the sedation with romifidine resulted in good muscle relaxation with a smooth induction and maintenance of anaesthesia and an increased time before the horses responded to noxious stimuli, compared with romifidine and ketamine anaesthesia. All horses reached a standing position at the first attempt, but horses premedicated with diazepam in combination with romifidine showed mild ataxia after recovery. Kliniska och kardiorespiratoriska effekter av sedering med romifidin enbart eller i kombination med kompletterande premedicinering med acepromazin, butorphanol eller diazepam inför induktion av dissociativ anestesi med ketamin studerades hos 6 hästar vid fyra olika tillfallen. Vid samtliga tillfällen sederades hästarna med romifidin 0.1 mg/kg intravenöst (iv) och när kompletterande premedicinering gavs utgjordes denna av acepromazin 0.025 mg/kg (im) 23 min före romifidin, butorphanol 0.025 mg/kg (iv) 2 min efter romifidin eller diazepam 0.05 mg/kg (iv) 7 min efter romifidin omedelbart före ketamin. Sederingskombinationerna gavs i slumpmässig ordning och hästarna placerades i sidoläge under anestesin. Administrering av romifidin enbart eller i kombination med butorphanol resulterade i en stegring av det arteriella blodtrycket, åtföljt av bradykardi med förekomst av andra gradens atrioventrikulära hjärtblock. Efter induktion av dissociativ anestesi med ketamin 2.2 mg/kg (iv) steg hjärtfrekvensen till referensvärdets nivå, men det arteriella blodtrycket ökade signifikantjämfört med referensvärdet som registrerats på stående, osederad häst. När acepromazin inkluderades i premedicineringen registrerades varken hypertension eller bradykardi efter sedering. Minskad andningsfrekvens registrerades efter samtliga premedicineringar men andningsfrekvensen ökade till referensvärdets nivå efter induktion av anestesin. Mild hypercapni och signifikant hypoxemi observerades under både sedering och anestesi vilket speglar den försämrade lungfunktionen. Anestesin bedömdes som bra med kombinationen av romifidin och ketamin. Kompletterande premedicinering med acepromazin resulterade i en snabb induktion och bra anestesi. Kompletterande premedicineringen med butorphanol resulterade i den största individuella variationen beträffande induktionens och anestesins duration och kvalitet. Kompletterande premedicinering med diazepam resulterade i god muskelrelaxering och en smidig induktion och underhåll av anestesin. Reaktionen på kanylstick i form viljemässiga awärjningsrörelser återkom senare när diazepam var inkluderad i premedicineringen jämfört med sedering enbart med romifidin. Alla hästar inkluderade i studien reste sig på första försöket oavsett premedicinering, men hästarna visade lindrig ataxi efter resningen när diazepam varit inkluderad i premedicineringen.
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This study investigates how varying combinations of premedication affect romifidine and ketamine anaesthesia in horses, noting changes in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and pulmonary function, as well as examining the quality of induction and anaesthesia, and assessing the horses’ recovery.
Methodology and Findings
Six horses were studied across four random instances, with each horse being premedicated with acepromazine, butorphanol, or diazepam, in addition to receiving romifidine before the induction of anaesthesia with ketamine.
Administering romifidine alone, or in combination with butorphanol, resulted in increased arterial blood pressure and a significantly decreased heart rate associated with a second-degree atrio-ventricular heart block.
Anaesthesia with ketamine returned the heart rate to normal, but significantly escalated arterial blood pressure.
Acepromazine, when included in the premedication, prevented hypertension and bradycardia induced by romifidine.
Respiratory rate was marginally decreased after premedication in all groups but reverted back to the baseline value post anaesthesia induction.
Mild hypercapnia and significant hypoxaemia were observed during sedation and anaesthesia, implying limited pulmonary function.
Effects of Premedication
Premedication with acepromazine before administering romifidine resulted in rapid induction and good anaesthesia.
Butorphanol included in the premedication resulted in variability in induction and anaesthesia quality.
Diazepam added to romifidine sedation resulted in good muscle relaxation, smooth induction, longer maintenance of anaesthesia and delayed response to injurious stimuli as compared to romifidine and ketamine anaesthesia.
While all horses managed to stand at the first attempt post anaesthesia, horses premedicated with diazepam displayed mild ataxia during recovery.
Conclusions
The study offers important insights into the effects of varying premedications on horse anaesthesia, with differing implications on blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, and pulmonary function.
Choice of premedication can significantly impact the quality of induction and anaesthesia, as well as recovery post anaesthesia.
As various premedications have different effects, it suggests the need for careful selection depending on the circumstances and specific needs of the horse.
Cite This Article
APA
Marntell S, Nyman G.
(1996).
Effects of additional premedication on romifidine and ketamine anaesthesia in horses.
Acta Vet Scand, 37(3), 315-325.
https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03548097
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