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Journal of veterinary internal medicine2024; 39(1); e17276; doi: 10.1111/jvim.17276

Effects of orally administered clioquinol on the fecal microbiome of horses.

Abstract: Whereas restoration of fecal consistency after treatment with clioquinol for chronic diarrhea and free fecal water syndrome has been attributed to its antiprotozoal properties, actions of clioquinol on the colonic bacterial microbiota have not been investigated. Objective: Characterize the dynamics of fecal microbial diversity before, during, and after PO administration of clioquinol to healthy horses. Methods: Experimental prospective cohort study using a single horse group. Methods: Eight healthy adult horses received PO clioquinol (10 g, daily) for 7 days. Feces were obtained daily for 7 days before, during, and after conclusion of treatment, and again 3 months later. Libraries of 16S rRNA V4 region amplicons generated from fecal DNA were sequenced using the Illumina sequencing platform. Bioinformatic analysis was undertaken with QIIME2 and statistical analyses included analysis of variance (ANOVA) and permutational multivariate ANOVA (PERMANOVA). Results: The richness and composition of the fecal microbiome was altered after administration of clioquinol, reaching a maximum effect by the fifth day of administration. Changes included a 90% decrease in richness, and compensatory expansion of facultative anaerobes including Streptococcaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. Multiple horses had Salmonella cultured from feces. Conclusions: Limitations including lack of control group and modest sample size are obviated by robust longitudinal study design and strong effect size associated with drug exposure. Conclusions: Clioquinol has broad-spectrum antibacterial effects on the fecal microbiome of horses, but spares certain bacterial families including several pathogens and pathobionts. Clioquinol should be used with caution in horses, in an environment free of contamination with fecal pathogens.
© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
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Publication Date: 2024-12-22 PubMed ID: 39709594PubMed Central: PMC11663420DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17276Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the effects of an oral drug, clioquinol, on the gut microbiome of horses, especially its influence on bacterial diversity and certain pathogens.

Study Objective and Methodology

  • The primary objective of this research was to observe the changes in the microbial diversity in horse feces before, during, and after administering clioquinol orally to healthy horses. This is mainly due to clioquinol having been used to treat chronic diarrhea and free fecal water syndrome, with the hypothesis being that its antiprotozoal properties were responsible for these improvements.
  • The methodology involved a prospective cohort study using a group of eight healthy adult horses. The horses were administered 10g of clioquinol daily, orally, for a week. Fecal samples were collected on a daily basis for a week before, during, and after the treatment, and then again after a three month period.
  • To analyze the fecal samples, 16S rRNA V4 region amplicons from the fecal DNA were sequenced using the Illumina platform. Bioinformatic analysis was then undertaken with QIIME2, and statistical analyses were performed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA).

Key Findings

  • The study found that the fecal microbiome of the horses did indeed change once they had been administered clioquinol. The richness and composition of the microbiome altered notably, most significantly on the fifth day of administration.
  • The biggest change observed was a 90% decrease in richness, or diversity of bacterial species. On the other hand, there was a compensatory growth of facultative anaerobes, particularly Streptococcaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae bacterial families.
  • Interestingly, several horses were found to have traces of Salmonella in their feces after treatment.

Conclusions and Recommendations

  • Even though there were limitations to the study such as a lack of a control group and a somewhat small sample size, the researchers concluded that clioquinol has widespread antibacterial effects on the fecal microbiome of horses, including some pathogens and pathobionts.
  • Given these findings, they recommend that clioquinol should be used with caution in horses and only in environments free of contamination with fecal pathogens. This is because clioquinol might decrease beneficial bacterial diversity, making horses potentially more vulnerable to harmful pathogens such as Salmonella.

Cite This Article

APA
Smith MZ, York M, Townsend KS, Martin LM, Gull T, Coghill LM, Ericsson AC, Johnson PJ. (2024). Effects of orally administered clioquinol on the fecal microbiome of horses. J Vet Intern Med, 39(1), e17276. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.17276

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 39
Issue: 1
Pages: e17276
PII: e17276

Researcher Affiliations

Smith, Mikaila Z
  • Veterinary Research Scholars Program (VRSP), University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
York, Mary
  • University of Missouri (MU) Bioinformatics and Analytics Core, Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA.
  • Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
Townsend, Kile S
  • Veterinary Research Scholars Program (VRSP), University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
Martin, Lynn M
  • Veterinary Research Scholars Program (VRSP), University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
Gull, Tamara
  • MU Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (VMDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
Coghill, Lyndon M
  • University of Missouri (MU) Bioinformatics and Analytics Core, Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA.
  • Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA.
Ericsson, Aaron C
  • Veterinary Research Scholars Program (VRSP), University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
  • Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA.
  • University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA.
Johnson, Philip J
  • Veterinary Research Scholars Program (VRSP), University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Feces / microbiology
  • Clioquinol / pharmacology
  • Clioquinol / administration & dosage
  • Female
  • Male
  • Administration, Oral
  • Prospective Studies
  • Gastrointestinal Microbiome / drug effects
  • RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / genetics
  • Cohort Studies

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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