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Home / Equine Research Bank / Sci Rep / Enteral immunization with live bacteria reprograms innate im...
Scientific reports2025; 15(1); 18156; doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-02060-5

Enteral immunization with live bacteria reprograms innate immune cells and protects neonatal foals from pneumonia.

Abstract: Using a horse foal model, we show that enteral immunization of newborn foals with Rhodococcus equi overcomes neonatal vaccination challenges by reprogramming innate immune responses, inducing R. equi-specific adaptive humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protecting foals against experimental pneumonia challenge. Foals were immunized twice via gavage of R. equi (immunized group) or saline (control group) at ages 1 and 3 days. At age 28 days, all foals were challenged intrabronchially with R. equi. Post-challenge, all 5 immunized foals remained healthy, whereas 67% (4/6) of control foals developed clinical pneumonia. Immunized foals exhibit changes in the epigenetic profile of blood monocytes, > 1,000 differentially-expressed genes in neutrophils, higher concentrations of R. equi-specific IgG and IgG, and a higher number of IFN-γ producing lymphocytes in response to R. equi stimulation indicating T helper type 1 response compared to control foals. Together, our data indicate that early life exposure to R. equi in the gastrointestinal tract can modulate innate immune responses, generate specific antibodies and cell-mediated immunity, and protect against pneumonia.
© 2025. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2025-05-25 PubMed ID: 40415003PubMed Central: PMC12104368DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-02060-5Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research conducted shows that administering living bacteria, Rhodococcus equi, to newborn horse foals can help improve their immune responses and protect them against pneumonia.

Methodology

  • Two groups of newborn foals were selected for the study. One group was immunized with Rhodococcus equi, and the second group, the control group, was given saline.
  • The immunization was done twice, on the first day and then on the third day after birth, through gavage (directly administered to the stomach).
  • On the 28th day, all the foals were exposed to Rhodococcus equi intrabronchially, meaning directly into the bronchus of their lungs.

Results

  • Post-challenge, all the foals which were immunized remained healthy. In contrast, around 67% of the control group foals developed clinical symptoms of pneumonia.
  • The immunized foals showed a significant change in the epigenetic profile of blood monocytes, an essential immune cell type. The neutrophils, another critical immune cell type, also exhibited over 1,000 differentially-expressed genes, showing altered immune responses.
  • Immunized foals also showed higher concentrations of Rhodococcus equi-specific IgG, which is an antibody produced by the immune system in response to this specific bacteria.
  • They also displayed a higher number of Interferon-gamma producing lymphocytes in reaction to Rhodococcus equi stimulation, indicating an effective T-helper type 1 response which is critical for immunity against intracellular bacterial infections.

Conclusion

  • The results of the study show that early-life exposure to Rhodococcus equi in the gastrointestinal tract can alter the foal’s innate (natural, non-specific) immune response, leading to the generation of specific antibodies (adaptive immune response) and cell-mediated immunity.
  • These responses can successfully protect the foal against pneumonia, implying the possibility of utilizing this enteral immunization strategy to overcome neonatal vaccination challenges.

Cite This Article

APA
da Silveira BP, Kahn SK, Legere RM, Bray JM, Cole-Pfeiffer HM, Golding MC, Cohen ND, Bordin AI. (2025). Enteral immunization with live bacteria reprograms innate immune cells and protects neonatal foals from pneumonia. Sci Rep, 15(1), 18156. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02060-5

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 18156
PII: 18156

Researcher Affiliations

da Silveira, Bibiana Petri
  • Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
Kahn, Susanne K
  • Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
Legere, Rebecca M
  • Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
Bray, Jocelyne M
  • Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
Cole-Pfeiffer, Hannah M
  • Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
Golding, Michael C
  • Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
Cohen, Noah D
  • Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
Bordin, Angela I
  • Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. abordin@tamu.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses / immunology
  • Immunity, Innate
  • Animals, Newborn
  • Rhodococcus equi / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Immunization / methods
  • Antibodies, Bacterial / immunology
  • Antibodies, Bacterial / blood
  • Bacterial Vaccines / immunology
  • Bacterial Vaccines / administration & dosage
  • Immunoglobulin G / immunology
  • Pneumonia / immunology
  • Pneumonia / prevention & control
  • Pneumonia / veterinary
  • Vaccination
  • Immunity, Cellular

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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