Epidemiological and virological findings during an outbreak of equine influenza in Uruguay in 2018.
Abstract: Equine influenza is one of the major respiratory infectious diseases in horses. In 2018, equine influenza virus (EIV) was confirmed as the cause of outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses in Chile and Argentina. In the same year, for the first time in Uruguay, EIV infection was confirmed by isolation and molecular analysis to be the cause of respiratory disease among hundreds of clinically affected thoroughbred horses in training and racing facilities. The virus was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs by a pan-reactive influenza type A realtime reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). The partial nucleotide sequence of the haemagglutinin 1 (HA1 ) gene (994 base pairs) was determined and analysed phylogenetically using MEGA X software. Amino acid sequence alignments were constructed, and serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis. The diagnosis of EIV was confirmed by rRT-PCR, virus isolation and serological testing. The phylogenetic analysis of the partial HA1 gene sequence of the isolated virus indicated that it belongs to clade 1 of the Florida sub-lineage of the American lineage and is closely related to viruses isolated in the recent past. Study of the HA1 region (331 amino acids) of the virus identified in horses in racing facilities in Uruguay displayed the highest amino acid sequence identity with viruses detected in Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom in 2018. The surveillance data reported illustrate the international spread of EIVs and support the recommendation of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Expert Surveillance Panel to include viruses of the Florida sub-lineage in vaccines. La grippe équine est l’une des principales maladies respiratoires infectieuses affectant les équidés. En 2018, il a été confirmé que des foyers de maladie respiratoire enregistrés chez des chevaux au Chili et en Argentine étaient dus au virus de la grippe équine. Cette même année en Uruguay, pour la première fois dans ce pays, il a été établi par isolement viral et par des méthodes moléculaires que le virus de la grippe équine était l’agent causal d’une maladie respiratoire affectant cliniquement des centaines de chevaux pur-sang dans des centres d’entraînement et des hippodromes. La détection du virus s’est faite à partir d’écouvillons prélevés par voie naso-pharyngée en appliquant une technique d’amplification en chaîne par polymérase couplée à une transcription inverse en temps réel (rRT–PCR) à large spectre pour les virus influenza de type A. Une séquence nucléotidique partielle correspondant au gène de l’hémagglutinine 1 (HA1) (994 paires de bases) a fait l’objet d’une analyse phylogénétique au moyen du programme informatique MEGA X. Il a été procédé à la construction d’une matrice d’alignements de ces séquences d’acides aminés. D’autre part, des prélèvements de sérum issus de chevaux atteints ont été soumis à l’épreuve d’inhibition de l’hémagglutination et à une hémolyse radiale unique. Aussi bien la rRT–PCR que l’isolement viral et l’analyse sérologique ont confirmé le diagnostic de l’infection par le virus de la grippe équine. Il ressort de l’analyse phylogénétique du fragment de séquence du gène HA1 du virus isolé que ce dernier appartient au clade 1 de la sous-lignée Florida de la lignée américaine et qu’il est étroitement apparenté à des virus isolés au cours des dernières années. L’étude de la région HA1 (331 acides aminés) du virus détecté chez des chevaux de course en Uruguay a montré que les virus qui présentaient la plus grande similitude avec cette séquence d’acides aminés étaient ceux détectés en Argentine, au Chili et au Royaume-Uni en 2018. Les données de surveillance rapportées illustrent la propagation à l’échelle internationale des virus de la grippe équine et renforcent la recommandation émise par le Groupe d’experts de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) chargé de la surveillance de la composition des vaccins contre la grippe équine d’inclure les virus de la sous-lignée Florida dans la composition de ces vaccins. La gripe equina es una de las principales infecciones respiratorias que afectan al caballo. En 2018 se confirmó que el virus de la gripe equina era la causa de diversos brotes de afección respiratoria que habían afectado a caballos de Chile y Argentina. Ese mismo año, por primera vez en el Uruguay, se confirmó por aislamiento y análisis molecular que el virus de la gripe equina era la causa de una infección respiratoria que, acompañada de manifestaciones clínicas, afectó a cientos de caballos purasangre de hipódromos y centros de adiestramiento. El virus fue detectado en muestras de frotis nasales mediante una técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa acoplada a transcripción inversa en tiempo real (rRT–PCR, por sus siglas en inglés) que reacciona ante todos los virus gripales de tipo A. Tras secuenciar parcialmente el gen de la hemaglutinina 1 (HA1 ) (994 pares de bases), se procedió a su análisis filogenético empleando el programa informático MEGA X. Además de crear una matriz de alineamiento de secuencias de aminoácidos, se sometieron muestras de suero a pruebas de inhibición de la hemaglutinación y hemólisis radial simple. Así, el diagnóstico que apuntaba al virus de la gripe equina fue confirmado por rRT–PCR, aislamiento vírico y análisis serológico. El análisis filogenético de la secuencia parcial del gen HA1 del virus aislado puso de manifiesto que pertenece al clado 1 del sublinaje Florida del linaje americano y guarda estrecho parentesco con otros virus aislados en fechas recientes. El estudio de la región HA1 (331 aminoácidos) del virus detectado en caballos de hipódromos uruguayos reveló que el mayor nivel de concordancia de su secuencia de aminoácidos se daba con virus detectados en Argentina, Chile y el Reino Unido en 2018. Los datos de vigilancia comunicados dan fe de la propagación internacional de los virus de la gripe equina y avalan la recomendación formulada por el Panel de expertos en vigilancia de la composición de las vacunas contra la gripe equina de la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE), que aboga por incluir virus del sublinaje Florida en las vacunas.
Publication Date: 2020-04-15 PubMed ID: 32286570DOI: 10.20506/rst.38.3.3023Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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This research investigates an equine influenza virus (EIV) outbreak in Uruguay in 2018 affecting racehorses. Analyzing nasopharyngeal swabs through rRT-PCR, the isolated virus was found to belong to the Florida sub-lineage and highly identical to EIVs found in Argentina, Chile, and the UK in the same year. This highlights the importance of including Florida sub-lineage viruses in vaccines as recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health’s expert panel.
Background of the Research
- In 2018, one of the major respiratory infectious diseases in horses, the Equine Influenza Virus (EIV), was confirmed to be the cause of multiple outbreaks in Chile and Argentina.
- For the first time, the same year saw EIV infection confirmed in Uruguay as the cause of respiratory disease in hundreds of thoroughbred horses in training and racing facilities.
Methodology
- The EIV was detected through nasopharyngeal swabs by using a pan-reactive influenza type A real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR).
- The partial sequence of the haemagglutinin 1 (HA1) gene was determined and analyzed using MEGA X software for its phylogenetic information.
- Amino acid sequence alignments were created and serum samples from the horses were tested by haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis.
- The diagnosis of EIV was confirmed through rRT-PCR, virus isolation, and serological testing.
Definitive Findings
- The phylogenetic analysis of the isolated virus’s partial HA1 gene sequence indicated that it belongs to clade 1 of the Florida sub-lineage of the American lineage, and it closely relates to viruses isolated recently.
- The analysis of the HA1 region (331 amino acids) of the virus identified in the Uruguayan racehorses demonstrated a high amino acid sequence identity with viruses detected in Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom in 2018.
Implications of the Research
- The research’s findings suggest that EIVs are spreading internationally, validating the World Organisation for Animal Health Expert Surveillance Panel’s recommendation to include viruses of the Florida sub-lineage in vaccines.
- By including viruses of the Florida sub-lineage in vaccines, the propagation of EIVs can be effectively handled, protecting more horses from infection and preventing potential outbreaks.
Cite This Article
APA
Castro ER, Perez R, Rodriguez S, Bassetti L, Negro R, Vidal R.
(2020).
Epidemiological and virological findings during an outbreak of equine influenza in Uruguay in 2018.
Rev Sci Tech, 38(3), 737-749.
https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.38.3.3023 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Disease Outbreaks
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
- Phylogeny
- Uruguay / epidemiology
Citations
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- Gonzalez-Obando J, Forero JE, Zuluaga-Cabrera AM, Ruiz-Saenz J. Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas.. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 Oct 14;10(10).
- Alaql FA, Alhafufi AN, Kasem S, Alhammad YMO, Albaqshi H, Alyousaf A, Alsubaie FM, Alghamdi AN, Abdel-Moneim AS, Alharbi SA. Full-Length Genome of the Equine Influenza A Virus Subtype H3N8 from 2019 Outbreak in Saudi Arabia.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Oct 10;12(19).
- Pusterla N, James K, Barnum S, Bain F, Barnett DC, Chappell D, Gaughan E, Craig B, Schneider C, Vaala W. Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008-2021).. Pathogens 2022 Jul 2;11(7).
- Oladunni FS, Oseni SO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chambers TM. Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines.. Viruses 2021 Aug 20;13(8).
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- Reemers S, van Bommel S, Cao Q, Sutton D, van de Zande S. Protection against the New Equine Influenza Virus Florida Clade I Outbreak Strain Provided by a Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccine.. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Dec 21;8(4).
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