FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Geriatrics (Basel) / Equine-Assisted Interventions: Cross Perspectives of Benefic...
Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland)2025; 10(6); 145; doi: 10.3390/geriatrics10060145

Equine-Assisted Interventions: Cross Perspectives of Beneficiaries and Their Caregivers from a Qualitative Perspective.

Abstract: : Although equine-assisted interventions (EAI) are gaining growing attention, their scientific evaluation among individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) living in nursing homes remains limited. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of an EAI program from the perspectives of the participants living with AD as well as their families and professional caregivers. : Thirty non-directive interviews were conducted between June and July 2024 across several nursing homes in the Centre-Val de Loire region (France). The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. : Four main themes emerged from the analysis: (1) the experience with the horse, reflecting a unique relationship with the animal, the activities carried out, and perceived personality traits; (2) the environment of EAI sessions, offering a break from daily routines, encouraging contact with nature, and taking place in a setting specific to this type of intervention; (3) the implementation of the program within the institutional context, highlighting logistical aspects, environmental factors, and the adherence; (4) the effects of the intervention, including enhanced social interactions, memory stimulation, emotional engagement, and behavioral benefits. : These findings provide insight into the multiple dimensions involved in an EAI program. By giving voice to both participants and their caregivers, this study emphasizes the value of qualitative approaches in deeply understanding the meaning and impact of these non-pharmacological interventions.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2025-11-06 PubMed ID: 41283456PubMed Central: PMC12641621DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics10060145Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research explores how people with Alzheimer’s disease, along with their families and professional caregivers, experience equine-assisted interventions (EAI) in nursing homes.
  • The study uses qualitative interviews to understand the unique aspects, environment, and effects of EAI from multiple perspectives.

Background and Purpose

  • Equine-assisted interventions (EAI) involve therapeutic activities with horses intended to improve physical, emotional, or social well-being.
  • There is increasing interest in using EAI for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), particularly those living in nursing homes.
  • However, scientific evaluation of EAI in this population is still limited, especially qualitative insights capturing lived experiences.
  • The purpose of this study was to explore and gather rich, descriptive accounts of how individuals with AD and their caregivers perceive the EAI program.

Methodology

  • Participants included people living with AD in nursing homes, their family members, and professional caregivers.
  • Data was collected through 30 non-directive (open-ended and conversational) interviews conducted between June and July 2024.
  • Interviews took place in multiple nursing homes within the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.
  • All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim for analysis.
  • Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns and key themes emerging from the qualitative data.

Main Findings: Four Thematic Dimensions

  • Experience with the Horse
    • Interviewees described a unique and meaningful relationship with the horse, highlighting the horse’s personality traits.
    • Activities involving the horse were recognized as enjoyable and engaging for participants.
  • Environment of EAI Sessions
    • The setting provided a refreshing break from the participants’ usual daily routines.
    • Contact with nature was valued as a soothing and stimulating element.
    • The location and ambiance were seen as specific and important to the success of the intervention.
  • Implementation within the Institutional Context
    • Logistical and organizational factors such as scheduling and space availability affected program delivery.
    • Environmental considerations, such as accessibility and safety for participants, were highlighted.
    • Adherence from both participants and caregivers influenced the consistency and effectiveness of the program.
  • Effects of the Intervention
    • Social interactions were enhanced, with participants engaging more visibly with others.
    • Memory stimulation was reported, suggesting cognitive engagement during sessions.
    • Emotional engagement included increased positive feelings and mood improvements.
    • Behavioral benefits such as reduced agitation or restlessness were observed.

Significance of the Study

  • The study offers comprehensive insight into EAI from the viewpoint of both individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and those involved in their care.
  • It highlights how EAI is multidimensional, involving animal interaction, environment, institutional factors, and therapeutic effects.
  • Giving voice to multiple stakeholders enriches understanding beyond quantitative outcomes or clinical measures.
  • The findings support the importance of qualitative research methods to capture nuanced experiences and perceived benefits in non-pharmacological interventions.
  • This knowledge can inform better design, implementation, and evaluation of EAI programs in nursing home settings for people with AD.

Cite This Article

APA
Badin L, Van Dendaele E, Bailly N. (2025). Equine-Assisted Interventions: Cross Perspectives of Beneficiaries and Their Caregivers from a Qualitative Perspective. Geriatrics (Basel), 10(6), 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10060145

Publication

Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2308-3417
NlmUniqueID: 101704019
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 6
PII: 145

Researcher Affiliations

Badin, Léa
  • Department of Psychology, University of Tours, UR 2114, 37000 Tours, France.
Van Dendaele, Elina
  • Department of Psychology, University of Tours, UR 2114, 37000 Tours, France.
Bailly, Nathalie
  • Department of Psychology, University of Tours, UR 2114, 37000 Tours, France.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 61 references
  1. Li X, Ji M, Zhang H, Liu Z, Chai Y, Cheng Q, Yang Y, Cordato D, Gao J. Non-drug therapies for Alzheimer’s disease: A review. Neurol. Ther. 2022;12:39–72.
    doi: 10.1007/s40120-022-00416-xpmc: PMC9837368pubmed: 36376734google scholar: lookup
  2. Kerwin D, Abdelnour C, Caramelli P, Ogunniyi A, Shi J, Zetterberg H, Traber M. Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis and management: Perspectives from around the world. Alzheimers Dement. 2022;14:e12334.
    doi: 10.1002/dad2.12334pmc: PMC9309007pubmed: 35898519google scholar: lookup
  3. Passeri E, Elkhoury K, Morsink M, Broersen K, Linder M, Tamayol A, Malaplate C, Yen F.T, Arab-Tehrany E. Alzheimer’s disease: Treatment strategies and their limitations. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23:13954.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms232213954pmc: PMC9697769pubmed: 36430432google scholar: lookup
  4. Wesenberg S, Mueller C, Nestmann F, Holthoff-Detto V. Effects of an animal-assisted intervention on social behaviour, emotions, and behavioural and psychological symptoms in nursing home residents with dementia. Psychogeriatrics 2019;19:219–227.
    doi: 10.1111/psyg.12385pubmed: 30393989google scholar: lookup
  5. Friedmann E, Galik E, Thomas S.A, Hall P.S, Chung S.Y, McCune S. Evaluation of a pet-assisted living intervention for improving functional status in assisted living residents with mild to moderate cognitive impairment: A pilot study. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen. 2014;30:276–289.
    doi: 10.1177/1533317514545477pmc: PMC10852909pubmed: 25118333google scholar: lookup
  6. Olsen C, Pedersen I, Bergland A, Enders-Slegers M.J, Ihlebæk C. Effect of animal-assisted activity on balance and quality of life in home-dwelling persons with dementia. Geriatr. Nurs. 2016;37:284–291.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2016.04.002pubmed: 27155968google scholar: lookup
  7. Bert F, Gualano M.R, Camussi E, Pieve G, Voglino G, Siliquini R. Animal assisted intervention: A systematic review of benefits and risks. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2016;8:695–706.
    doi: 10.1016/j.eujim.2016.05.005pmc: PMC7185850pubmed: 32362955google scholar: lookup
  8. Badin L, Alibran E, Pothier K, Bailly N. Effects of equine-assisted interventions on older adults’ health: A systematic review. Int. J. Nurs. Sci. 2022;9:542–552.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.09.008pmc: PMC9587396pubmed: 36285074google scholar: lookup
  9. De Santis M, Contalbrigo L, Borgi M, Cirulli F, Luzi F, Redaelli V, Stefani A, Toson M, Odore R, Vercelli C. Equine assisted interventions (EAIs): Methodological considerations for stress assessment in horses. Vet. Sci. 2017;4:44.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci4030044pmc: PMC5644660pubmed: 29056702google scholar: lookup
  10. Anderson S, Meints K. Brief report: The effects of equine-assisted activities on the social functioning in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. J. Autism. Dev. Disord. 2016;46:3344–3352.
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-016-2869-3pmc: PMC5040734pubmed: 27457363google scholar: lookup
  11. Bass M.M, Duchowny C.A, Llabre M.M. The effect of therapeutic horseback riding on social functioning in children with autism. J. Autism. Dev. Disord. 2009;39:1261–1267.
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-009-0734-3pubmed: 19350376google scholar: lookup
  12. Borgi M, Loliva D, Cerino S, Chiarotti F, Venerosi A, Bramini M, Nonnis E, Marcelli M, Vinti C, De Santis C. Effectiveness of a standardized equine-assisted therapy program for children with autism spectrum disorder. J. Autism. Dev. Disord. 2016;46:1–9.
    doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2530-6pubmed: 26210515google scholar: lookup
  13. Llambias C, Magill-Evans J, Smith V, Warren S. Equine-assisted occupational therapy: Increasing engagement for children with autism spectrum disorder. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 2016;70:7006220040p1–7006220040p9.
    doi: 10.5014/ajot.2016.020701pubmed: 27767943google scholar: lookup
  14. Aranda-García S, Iricibar A, Planas A, Prat-Subirana J.A, Angulo-Barroso R.M. Comparative effects of horse exercise versus traditional exercise programs on gait, muscle strength, and body balance in healthy older adults. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2015;23:78–89.
    doi: 10.1123/JAPA.2012-0326pubmed: 24425454google scholar: lookup
  15. Badin L, Pothier K, Agli O, Van Dendaele E, Guillou G, Ventalon G, Bailly N. Equine-Assisted Interventions and Physical Health in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis. Sage Open Aging 2025;11:23337214241298342.
    doi: 10.1177/23337214241298342pmc: PMC12219487pubmed: 40611861google scholar: lookup
  16. Araujo T., Martins W.R., Freitas M.P., Camargos E., Mota J., Safons M.P. An exploration of equine-assisted therapy to improve balance, functional capacity, and cognition in older adults with Alzheimer disease. J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther. 2019;42:E155–E160. doi: 10.1519/JPT.0000000000000167.
    doi: 10.1519/JPT.0000000000000167pubmed: 29630005google scholar: lookup
  17. Fields B., Bruemmer J., Gloeckner G., Wood W. Influence of an equine-assisted activities program on dementia-specific quality of life. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen. 2018;33:309–317. doi: 10.1177/1533317518772052.
    doi: 10.1177/1533317518772052pmc: PMC10852437pubmed: 29742908google scholar: lookup
  18. Homnick D.N., Henning K.M., Swain C.V., Homnick T.D. Effect of therapeutic horseback riding on balance in community-dwelling older adults with balance deficits. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2013;19:622–626. doi: 10.1089/acm.2012.0642.
    doi: 10.1089/acm.2012.0642pubmed: 23360659google scholar: lookup
  19. Sebalj M., Lakhani A., Grindrod A., Stuckey R. Equine-assisted services for people with dementia: A systematic review. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 2024;16:76. doi: 10.1186/s13195-024-01453-4.
    doi: 10.1186/s13195-024-01453-4pmc: PMC11003033pubmed: 38589888google scholar: lookup
  20. Lassell R., Wood W., Schmid A.A., Cross J.E. Comparison of quality-of-life indicators during two complementary interventions: Adaptive gardening and adaptive riding for people with dementia. Complement. Ther. Med. 2021;57:102658. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102658.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102658pubmed: 33429038google scholar: lookup
  21. Lassell R., Fields B., Cross J.E., Wood W. Dementia care partners’ reported outcomes after adaptive riding: A theoretical thematic analysis. Qual. Ageing Older Adults. 2022;23:14–25. doi: 10.1108/QAOA-01-2022-0007.
    doi: 10.1108/QAOA-01-2022-0007google scholar: lookup
  22. Dabelko-Schoeny H., Phillips G., Darrough E., DeAnna S., Jarden M., Johnson D., Lorch G. Equine-assisted intervention for people with dementia. Anthrozoös. 2014;27:141–155. doi: 10.2752/175303714X13837396326611.
    doi: 10.2752/175303714X13837396326611google scholar: lookup
  23. Badin L., Bailly N. Equine-assisted intervention and Alzheimer’s disease: A non-randomized, controlled, multicenter study. J. Appl. Gerontol. 2025;0:1–10. doi: 10.1177/07334648251351697.
    doi: 10.1177/07334648251351697pubmed: 40528458google scholar: lookup
  24. Tong A., Sainsbury P., Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int. J. Qual. Health Care. 2007;19:349–357. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzm042.
    doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzm042pubmed: 17872937google scholar: lookup
  25. Hennink M., Kaiser B.N. Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Soc. Sci. Med. (1982) 2022;292:114523. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523.
    doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523pubmed: 34785096google scholar: lookup
  26. Francis J.J., Johnston M., Robertson C., Glidewell L., Entwistle V., Eccles M.P., Grimshaw J.M. What is an adequate sample size? Operationalising data saturation for theory-based interview studies. Psychol. Health. 2010;25:1229–1245. doi: 10.1080/08870440903194015.
    doi: 10.1080/08870440903194015pubmed: 20204937google scholar: lookup
  27. Saunders B., Sim J., Kingstone T., Baker S., Waterfield J., Bartlam B., Burroughs H., Jinks C. Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Qual. Quant. 2018;52:1893–1907. doi: 10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8.
    doi: 10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8pmc: PMC5993836pubmed: 29937585google scholar: lookup
  28. Braun V., Clarke V. Thematic analysis. In: Cooper H., Camic P.M., Long D.L., Panter A.T., Rindskopf D., Sher K.J., editors. APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, Vol. 2: Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological. American Psychological Association; Washington, DC, USA: 2012. pp. 57–71.
    doi: 10.1037/13620-004google scholar: lookup
  29. Tufford L., Newman P. Bracketing in qualitative research. Qual. Soc. Work. 2012;11:80–96. doi: 10.1177/1473325010368316.
    doi: 10.1177/1473325010368316google scholar: lookup
  30. McNicholas J., Collis G.M. Dogs as catalysts for social interactions: Robustness of the effect. Pt 1Br. J. Psychol. 2000;91:61–70. doi: 10.1348/000712600161673.
    doi: 10.1348/000712600161673pubmed: 10717771google scholar: lookup
  31. Richeson N.E. Effects of animal-assisted therapy on agitated behaviors and social interactions of older adults with dementia. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen. 2003;18:353–358. doi: 10.1177/153331750301800610.
    doi: 10.1177/153331750301800610pmc: PMC10833706pubmed: 14682084google scholar: lookup
  32. Cho S.H., Kim J.W., Kim S.R., Cho B.J. Effects of horseback riding exercise therapy on hormone levels in elderly persons. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2015;27:2271–2273. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.2271.
    doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.2271pmc: PMC4540861pubmed: 26311966google scholar: lookup
  33. Badin L., Bailly N., Pennequin V. Implementation of equine-assisted intervention for older adults with Alzheimer’s disease residing in a nursing home: Brakes and levers. Int. J. Older People Nurs. 2024;19:e12587. doi: 10.1111/opn.12587.
    doi: 10.1111/opn.12587pubmed: 37983644google scholar: lookup
  34. Cheng S.T., Mak E.P.M., Lau R.W.L., Ng N.S.S., Lam L.C.W. Voices of Alzheimer caregivers on positive aspects of caregiving. Gerontologist. 2016;56:451–460. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnu118.
    doi: 10.1093/geront/gnu118pubmed: 25614608google scholar: lookup
  35. Blondeau R., Giguère M., Rousseau J. Les effets de l’environnement de soins sur les comportements réactifs des personnes ayant des troubles neurocognitifs vivant en centre d’hébergement: Une revue de la portée. Can. J. Aging. 2023;42:33–55. doi: 10.1017/S0714980822000356.
    doi: 10.1017/S0714980822000356pubmed: 36345714google scholar: lookup
  36. Haute Autorité de Santé . Troubles du Comportement Perturbateurs dans la Maladie d’Alzheimer et les Maladies Apparentées. HAS; Saint-Denis, France: 2009.
  37. Fournier A.K., Geller E.S., Fortney E.V. Human–animal interaction in therapy: Effects for older adults and their caregivers. J. Clin. Psychol. 2007;63:1217–1225.
  38. Cohen-Mansfield J., Dakheel-Ali M., Marx M.S. Engagement in persons with dementia: The concept and its measurement. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2009;17:299–307. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31818f3a52.
    doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31818f3a52pmc: PMC2684326pubmed: 19307858google scholar: lookup
  39. Bachi K. Equine-facilitated psychotherapy: The gap between practice and knowledge. Soc. Anim. 2013;21:364–380. doi: 10.1163/15685306-12341242.
    doi: 10.1163/15685306-12341242google scholar: lookup
  40. Kaplan R., Kaplan S. The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, UK: 1989.
  41. Ulrich R.S. Natural landscapes. In: Kellert S.R., Wilson E.O., editors. The Biophilia Hypothesis. Island Press; Washington, DC, USA: 1993. pp. 73–137.
  42. Wilson E.O. Biophilia and the conservation ethic. In: Steg L., de Groot J.I., editors. Evolutionary Perspectives on Environmental Problems. Routledge; Washington, DC, USA: 2017. pp. 250–258.
  43. de Bruin S.R., Oosting S.J., Kuin Y., Hoefnagels E.C.M., Blauw Y.H., De Groot L.C.P.G.M., Schols J.M.G.A. Green care farms promote activity among elderly people with dementia. J. Hous. Elder. 2009;23:368–389. doi: 10.1080/02763890903327275.
    doi: 10.1080/02763890903327275google scholar: lookup
  44. Moriggi A., Soini K., Bock B.B., Roep D. Caring in, for, and with nature: An integrative framework to understand green care practices. Sustainability. 2020;12:3361. doi: 10.3390/su12083361.
    doi: 10.3390/su12083361google scholar: lookup
  45. Myren G.E.S., Enmarker I.C., Hellzen O., Saur E. The influence of place on everyday life: Observations of persons with dementia in regular day care and at the green care farm. Health. 2017;9:261–278. doi: 10.4236/health.2017.92018.
    doi: 10.4236/health.2017.92018google scholar: lookup
  46. Rosteius K., de Boer B., Backhaus R., de Jonge J., Verbeek H. Staff outcomes and the work environment in Green Care Farms and traditional nursing homes: A comparative study. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 2025;167:105078. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2025.105078.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2025.105078pubmed: 40222239google scholar: lookup
  47. Zhang D., Hennessy M., Li Q., Paley N., Paley G., Houghton C. Perceptions and experiences of animal-assisted interventions for people living with dementia: A qualitative evidence synthesis. J. Clin. Nurs. 2024;0:1–20. doi: 10.1111/jocn.17429.
    doi: 10.1111/jocn.17429pubmed: 39370550google scholar: lookup
  48. Hodgson P., Cook G., Johnson A., Abbott-Brailey H. Ageing well with creative arts and pets: The HenPower story. Act. Adapt. Aging. 2023;47:214–231. doi: 10.1080/01924788.2022.2116548.
    doi: 10.1080/01924788.2022.2116548google scholar: lookup
  49. Kawamura N., Niiyama M., Niiyama H. Animal-assisted activity: Experiences of institutionalized Japanese older adults. J. Psychosoc. Nurs. Ment. Health Serv. 2009;47:41–47. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20090101-08.
    doi: 10.3928/02793695-20090101-08pubmed: 19227109google scholar: lookup
  50. Lassell R., Cross J., Schmid A., Davalos D., Wood W. Feasibility of an adaptive riding pilot study and acceptability to dementia care partners: “Your spirits are lifted. ” Complement. Ther. Med. 2022;71:102897. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102897.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102897pubmed: 36342022google scholar: lookup
  51. Swall A., Craftman Å., Grundberg Å., Wiklund E., Väliaho N., Hagelin C.L. Dog handlers’ experiences of therapy dogs’ impact on life near death for persons with dementia. Int. J. Palliat. Nurs. 2019;25:65–71. doi: 10.12968/ijpn.2019.25.2.65.
    doi: 10.12968/ijpn.2019.25.2.65pubmed: 30785819google scholar: lookup
  52. Swall A., Ebbeskog B., Lundh Hagelin C., Fagerberg I. Can therapy dogs evoke awareness of one’s past and present life in persons with Alzheimer’s disease? Int. J. Older People Nurs. 2015;10:84–93. doi: 10.1111/opn.12053.
    doi: 10.1111/opn.12053pubmed: 24814254google scholar: lookup
  53. Swall A., Ebbeskog B., Lundh Hagelin C., Fagerberg I. Stepping out of the shadows of Alzheimer’s disease: A phenomenological hermeneutic study of older people with Alzheimer’s disease caring for a therapy dog. Int. J. Qual. Stud. Health Well-Being. 2017;12:1347013. doi: 10.1080/17482631.2017.1347013.
    doi: 10.1080/17482631.2017.1347013pmc: PMC5510223pubmed: 28699394google scholar: lookup
  54. Batubara S.O., Tonapa S.I., Saragih I.D., Mulyadi M., Lee B.O. Effects of animal-assisted interventions for people with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Geriatr. Nurs. 2022;43:26–37. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.10.016.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.10.016pubmed: 34800888google scholar: lookup
  55. Chen H., Wang Y., Zhang M., Wang N., Li Y., Liu Y. Effects of animal-assisted therapy on patients with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Res. 2022;314:114619. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114619.
    doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114619pubmed: 35623240google scholar: lookup
  56. Klimova B., Toman J., Kuca K. Effectiveness of the dog therapy for patients with dementia: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19:1–7. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2245-x.
    doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2245-xpmc: PMC6731615pubmed: 31492131google scholar: lookup
  57. Houdayer H. Réception et imaginaire du cheval. Rev. Sci. Soc. 2015;54:116–123. doi: 10.4000/revss.2371.
    doi: 10.4000/revss.2371google scholar: lookup
  58. Kaiser L., Heleski C.R., Siegford J., Smith K.A. Stress-related behaviors among horses used in a therapeutic riding program. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2006;228:39–45. doi: 10.2460/javma.228.1.39.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.228.1.39pubmed: 16426164google scholar: lookup
  59. Merkies K., Sievers A., Zakrajsek E., MacGregor H., Bergeron R., von Borstel U.K. Preliminary results suggest an influence of psychological and physiological stress in humans on horse heart rate and behavior. J. Vet. Behav. 2014;9:242–247. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2014.06.003.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2014.06.003google scholar: lookup
  60. Leconstant C., Spitz E. Integrative model of human-animal interactions: A One Health–One Welfare systemic approach to studying HAI. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022;9:656833. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.656833.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.656833pmc: PMC9372562pubmed: 35968006google scholar: lookup
  61. Bergen N., Labonté R. “Everything is perfect, and we have no problems”: Detecting and limiting social desirability bias in qualitative research. Qual. Health Res. 2020;30:783–792. doi: 10.1177/1049732319889354.
    doi: 10.1177/1049732319889354pubmed: 31830860google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,002 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.