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Virus evolution2024; 10(1); vead087; doi: 10.1093/ve/vead087

Equine herpesvirus 4 infected domestic horses associated with Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots around 4,000 years ago.

Abstract: Equine viral outbreaks have disrupted the socio-economic life of past human societies up until the late 19th century and continue to be of major concern to the horse industry today. With a seroprevalence of 60-80 per cent, equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) is the most common horse pathogen on the planet. Yet, its evolutionary history remains understudied. Here, we screen the sequenced data of 264 archaeological horse remains to detect the presence of EHV-4. We recover the first ancient EHV-4 genome with 4.2× average depth-of-coverage from a specimen excavated in the Southeastern Urals and dated to the Early Bronze Age period, approximately 3,900 years ago. The recovery of an EHV-4 virus outside the upper respiratory tract not only points to an animal particularly infected but also highlights the importance of post-cranial bones in pathogen characterisation. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction provides a minimal time estimate for EHV-4 diversification to around 4,000 years ago, a time when modern domestic horses spread across the Central Asian steppes together with spoke-wheeled Sintashta chariots, or earlier. The analyses also considerably revise the diversification time of the two EHV-4 subclades from the 16th century based solely on modern data to nearly a thousand years ago. Our study paves the way for a robust reconstruction of the history of non-human pathogens and their impact on animal health.
© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press.
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Publication Date: 2024-01-12 PubMed ID: 38465241PubMed Central: PMC10924538DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead087Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4), a common horse pathogen, has been detected in ancient horse remains dating back approximately 4,000 years, coinciding with the spread of domestic horses and Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots in Central Asia. This discovery provides new insights into the virus’s evolutionary history and its impact on ancient horse populations.

Background and Significance

  • Equine viral outbreaks have historically affected human societies by disrupting socio-economic activities related to horses.
  • EHV-4 is currently the most prevalent horse pathogen, with 60-80% seroprevalence worldwide.
  • Despite its importance, little is known about the evolutionary history and ancient origins of EHV-4.
  • This study seeks to investigate the presence of EHV-4 in archaeological horse remains and establish a timeline for its evolution.

Methodology

  • DNA sequencing data from 264 archaeological horse specimens were screened to detect EHV-4 genetic material.
  • An ancient EHV-4 genome was successfully recovered from a horse specimen excavated in the Southeastern Urals, dating to the Early Bronze Age (~3,900 years ago).
  • The recovered viral genome had an average coverage depth of 4.2x, indicating sufficient quality for phylogenetic analysis.
  • The virus was detected in post-cranial bones rather than the respiratory tract, highlighting new potential sample sources for ancient pathogen studies.
  • Bayesian phylogenetic methods were used to estimate divergence times within EHV-4 lineages based on this and modern viral genomes.

Key Findings

  • The presence of EHV-4 in an Early Bronze Age horse is the earliest direct evidence of this virus infecting domestic horses, pushing back its known history to about 4,000 years ago.
  • This period aligns with the spread of modern domestic horses across the Central Asian steppes and the technological emergence of spoke-wheeled Sintashta chariots, suggesting horse movement and cultural developments may have facilitated viral dissemination.
  • The virus’s diversification timeline was revised from an estimated 16th century origin (based on modern data alone) to nearly 1,000 years earlier, indicating a much older evolutionary history.
  • Post-cranial bone analysis proved valuable for reconstructing ancient pathogen genomes when respiratory tissue is unavailable.

Implications

  • This research introduces an important methodology and dataset for studying pathogen evolution in non-human animals over millennia.
  • Understanding the long-term co-evolution of EHV-4 with horses may provide insights into ancient animal health, disease dynamics, and how pathogens spread with human-animal interactions.
  • The association with the Sintashta culture and horse domestication events underscores the interplay between technological, cultural, and biological histories.
  • More broadly, the approach can be used to reconstruct histories of other ancient animal pathogens and their impacts on both animals and human societies.

Conclusion

  • The identification of an ancient EHV-4 genome from 4,000 years ago significantly extends our knowledge of this pathogen’s history and evolution.
  • The study emphasizes the importance of ancient pathogen genomics using archaeological material beyond typical tissues, such as bones.
  • The findings link viral evolution to key events in early horse domestication and chariot technology, highlighting how human cultural advancements influenced pathogen spread.

Cite This Article

APA
Lebrasseur O, More KD, Orlando L. (2024). Equine herpesvirus 4 infected domestic horses associated with Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots around 4,000 years ago. Virus Evol, 10(1), vead087. https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/vead087

Publication

Virus evolution
ISSN: 2057-1577
NlmUniqueID: 101664675
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Pages: vead087
PII: vead087

Researcher Affiliations

Lebrasseur, Ophélie
  • Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CAGT), CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France.
  • Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano, 3 de Febrero 1370 (1426), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
More, Kuldeep Dilip
  • Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CAGT), CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France.
Orlando, Ludovic
  • Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CAGT), CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31000, Toulouse, France.

Conflict of Interest Statement

None declared.

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