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Veterinary dermatology2020; 31(4); 298-e73; doi: 10.1111/vde.12845

Equine pythiosis in Egypt: clinicopathological findings, detection, identification and genotyping of Pythium insidiosum.

Abstract: Equine pythiosis is an emerging, devastating disease that is hard to treat. The tumour-like nodular skin masses grow rapidly and the outcome is generally fatal, and thus early diagnosis and intervention are important. Objective: (i) To highlight the clinical, histological and haematological findings in pythiosis, and (ii) to evaluate the efficacy of direct sample multiplex-PCR targeting the single nucleotide polymorphisms within the ribosomal DNA region for detection and genotyping of Pythium insidiosum. Methods: Two hundred and twenty horses including 204 Arabian and 16 draft horses were surveyed. Methods: Case series study diagnosis was based on clinical, pathological and haematological findings typical of P. insidiosum infection, culture identification, immunohistochemical investigation and direct sample PCR. Results: The affected horses (24 of 220, 10.91%) presented with unifocal or multiple lesions on the abdomen, limbs, chest, face and mammary gland. Cases commonly had a history of access to stagnant water, ponds and intentionally flooded rice fields. Most were pregnant mares (58.33%). Histopathology revealed granulomatous reaction, blood vessel endotheliosis, heavy infiltration of eosinophils in the dermal layer, multifocal necrosis and Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. Unlike direct microscopy (50%) and culture (91.6%), multiplex-PCR assay identified P. insidiosum (Clade II) in all tested samples. To the best of the authors knowledge, this is the first study determining a clade of P. insidiosum causing equine pythiosis in Egypt. Conclusions: Direct sample multiplex-PCR assay is a potential tool for the early and rapid diagnosis of equine pythiosis. It overcomes limitations associated with morphological identification and provides a definitive diagnosis. Background: La pythiose équine est une maladie grave émergente, difficile à traiter. Les masses cutanées nodulaires de type tumorales grossissent rapidement et l’évolution est, en général, fatale. Ainsi, un diagnostic et un traitement précoces sont importants. OBJECTIFS: (i) Mettre en avant les données cliniques, histologiques et hématologiques de la pythiose, et (ii) évaluer l'efficacité de PCR multiplexe directe ciblant les polymorphismes à nucléotide unique au sein de la région d’ADN ribosomique pour la détection et le génotypage de Pythium insidiosum. Unassigned: Deux cent vingt chevaux dont 204 arabes et 16 chevaux de traits ont été inclus. MÉTHODES: Une étude de série de cas diagnostiqués a été basée sur des données cliniques, pathologiques et hématologiques typiques d'infection à P.insidiosum, identification par culture, recherche immunohistochimique et PCR directe. RÉSULTATS: Les chevaux atteints (24 sur 220, 10,91%) présentaient des lésions uniques ou multiples sur l'abdomen, les membres, le thorax, la face et les glandes mammaires. Les cas avaient fréquemment des antécédents d'accès à une eau stagnante, des étangs et des champs de riz inondés. La plupart était des femelles gestantes (58,33%). L'histopathologie révélaient des granulomes dans l’épiderme, une endotheliose des vaisseaux sanguins, une infiltration massive d’éosinophiles du derme, une nécrose multifocale et des images de Splendore-Hoeppli. Malgré une microscopie directe (50%) et une culture (91,6%), les tests PCR multiplex identifiaient P. insidiosum (Clade II) dans tous les échantillons testés. Ceci est la première étude déterminant un taxon de P. insidiosum causant la pythiose équine en Egypte. Unassigned: Les tests PCR multiplex d’échantillon direct a une cible potentielle pour un diagnostic rapide et précoce de la pythiose équine. Ceci surpasse les limitations associées avec l'identification morphologique et fournit un diagnostic définitif. Results: INTRODUCCIÓN: la pitiosis equina es una enfermedad emergente y grave que es difícil de tratar. Las masas de piel nodular tipo tumor crecen rápidamente y la progresión es generalmente fatal, por lo que el diagnóstico y la intervención tempranos son importantes. OBJETIVOS: (i) destacar los hallazgos clínicos, histológicos y hematológicos en la pitiosis, y (ii) evaluar la eficacia de la una prueba multiplex-PCR con muestra directa dirigida a los polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido dentro de la región del DNA ribosómico para la detección y genotipado de Pythium insidiosum. ANIMALES: se obtuvieron muestras de doscientos veinte caballos, incluidos 204 caballos árabes y 16 de tiro. MÉTODOS: el diagnóstico de la serie de casos se basó en hallazgos clínicos, patológicos y hematológicos típicos de la infección por P. insidiosum, identificación en cultivos, investigación inmunohistoquímica y PCR de muestra directa. Results: Los caballos afectados (24 de 220, 10,91%) presentaron lesiones unifocales o múltiples en el abdomen, extremidades, pecho, cara y glándula mamaria. Los casos comúnmente tenían un historial de acceso a agua estancada, estanques y campos de arroz inundados. La mayoría eran yeguas preñadas (58,33%). La investigación histopatológica reveló granulomas en la capa epidérmica, endoteliosis de los vasos sanguíneos, fuerte infiltración de eosinófilos en la capa dérmica, necrosis multifocal y el fenómeno de Splendore-Hoeppli. A diferencia de la microscopía directa (50%) y el cultivo (91,6%), el ensayo de PCR múltiple identificó P. insidiosum (Clade II) en todas las muestras analizadas. Este es el primer estudio que determina una estirpe de P. insidiosum que causa pitiosis equina en Egipto. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: la prueba multiplex-PCR de muestra directa tiene un uso potencial para el diagnóstico temprano y rápido de la pitiosis equina. Supera las limitaciones asociadas con la identificación morfológica y proporciona un diagnóstico definitivo. Unassigned: Die Phytiose des Pferdes ist eine im Zunehmen begriffene, katastrophale Erkrankung, die schwer zu behandeln ist. Die Tumor-ähnlichen knotigen Hautmassen wachsen rasch und das Endergebnis ist zumeist fatal, daher ist eine frühe Diagnose sowie eine rasche Intervention wichtig. ZIELE: (i) Ein Aufzeigen der klinischen, histologischen und hämatologischen Befunde bei der Phytiose, und (ii) eine Evaluierung der Wirksamkeit eines Multiplex-PCR mit direkten Proben, welche auf die Single Nukleotid Polymorphismen innerhalb der ribosomalen DNA Region abzielt, um Phytium insidiosum zu finden und zu genotypisieren. Unassigned: Zweihundertzwanzig Pferde, davon 204 Araber und 16 Kaltblüter, wurden untersucht. Methods: Die Diagnose der Fallserienstudie basierte auf klinischen, pathologischen und hämatologischen Befunden, die typisch waren für eine P. insidiosum Infektion, einer Identifizierung der Kultur, einer immunhistochemischen Untersuchung und einer PCR mit direkten Proben. Unassigned: Die betroffenen Pferde (24 von 220; 10,91%) wurden mit einzelnen oder multiplen Läsionen am Bauch, an den Extremitäten, an der Brust, im Gesicht und an den Brustdrüsen vorgestellt. Die Fälle hatten häufig anamnestisch die Möglichkeit eines Zugangs zu stehenden Gewässern, Teichen oder bewusst gefluteten Reisfeldern. Meistens handelte es sich um tragende Stuten (58,33%). Die histopathologische Untersuchung zeigte Granulome in der epidermalen Schicht, eine Endotheliose der Blutgefäße, eine dichte Infiltration von Eosinophilen in der Dermis, multifokale Nekrosen und das Splendore-Hoeppli Phänomen. Im Gegensatz zur direkten Mikroskopie (50%) und Kultur (91,6%), identifizierte der Multiplex PCR Assay P. insidiosum (Clade II) in allen getesteten Proben. Es handelt sich hierbei um die erste Studie, die eine Klade von P. insidiosum feststellte, die bei Pferden in Ägypten eine Phytiose verursachte. Unassigned: Der Multiplex PCR Assay mit direkten Proben ist potentiell ein schnelles Werkzeug für eine rasche Diagnose einer equinen Phytiose. Sie überwindet Limitierungen, die mit einer morphologischen Identifizierung einhergehen und ermöglicht eine definitive Diagnose. 背景: 馬のピシウム感染症は、治療が困難な新興感染症で、壊滅的な疾患である。腫瘍様結節性皮膚腫瘤は急速に成長し、結果は一般に致命的であるため、早期診断および介入が重要である。 目的: 本研究の目的は、(i)ピシウム感染症の臨床的、組織学的、および血液学的所見にハイライトを当て、(ii)Pythium insidiosumの検出および遺伝子型決定のために、リボソームDNA領域内の単一ヌクレオチド多型を標的とする直接サンプルmultiplex-PCR法の有効性を評価することであった。 供試動物: 204頭のアラビア馬と16頭のドラフト馬を含む220頭の馬を調査した。 方法: ケースシリーズ研究の診断は、P. insidiosum感染、培養同定、免疫組織化学的調査、および直接サンプルPCRに特有の臨床的、病理学的、および血液学的所見に基づいて実施された。 結果: 罹患馬(220頭中24頭、10.91%)は、腹部、手足、胸部、顔面、乳腺に単発性または多発性病変を呈した。症例は一般に停滞した水、池、意図的に水田にアクセスした経歴があった。大抵は妊娠した牝馬であった(58.33%)。組織病理学的検査により、表皮の肉芽腫、血管内皮症、真皮への重度の好酸球浸潤、多巣性壊死およびスプレンドール・ホッペリ現象が明らかになった。直接顕微鏡検査(50%)および培養(91.6%)とは異なり、multiplex-PCRアッセイでは、すべての検査サンプルでP. insidiosum(クレードII)が同定された。 本研究結果は、エジプトで馬のピシウム感染症を引き起こすP. insidiosumのクレードを決定する最初の研究である。 結論と臨床的重要性: 直接サンプルmultiplex-PCRアッセイは、馬のピシウム感染症の早期かつ迅速な診断の潜在的なターゲットを持っている。形態学的識別に関する制限を克服し、確定診断を提供する。. 背景: 马腐皮病是一种新出现的严重疾病,很难治疗。肿瘤样结节性皮肤肿块生长迅速,结果往往是致命的,因此早期诊断和干预非常重要。 目的: (i) 强调焦虫病的临床、组织学和血液学结果,(ii) 评价直接样本多重 PCR(靶向核糖体 DNA 区域内的单核苷酸多态性)对诡谲腐霉菌检测和基因分型的有效性。 动物: 对 220 匹马(包括 204 匹阿拉伯马和 16 匹驮马)进行了调查。 方法: 病例系列研究诊断基于典型的诡谲腐霉菌感染的临床、病理和血液学结果,以及培养鉴定、免疫组织化学调查和直接样本 PCR。 结果: 患马 (24/220,10.91%) 表现为腹部、四肢、胸部、面部和乳腺的单发或多发性病变。病例通常有死水、池塘和人为水淹稻田的接触史。多数为孕马 (58.33%)。组织病理学检查显示表皮层肉芽肿、血管内皮增生、真皮层嗜酸性粒细胞重度浸润、多灶性坏死和Splendore-Hoeppli征。与直接镜检 (50%) 和培养 (91.6%) 不同,多重PCR检测在所有检测样本中均鉴定出诡谲腐霉菌 (分化枝 II)。这是在埃及首次发现引起马腐皮病的诡谲腐霉菌分支的研究。 结论和临床重要性: 直接样本多重 PCR具有早期和快速诊断马腐皮病的潜在标靶。其克服了形态学鉴定相关的局限性,并提供了明确的诊断。. Unassigned: A pitiose equina é uma doença emergente devastadora de difícil tratamento. Os nódulos cutâneos crescem rapidamente e a evolução é geralmente fatal, desta forma, diagnóstico e intervenção precoces são importantes. OBJETIVOS: (i) Evidenciar os achados clínicos, histológicos e hematológicos da pitose, e (ii) avaliar a eficácia de uma PCR multiplex de amostra direta direcionada para polimorfismos de nucleotídeo simples na região do DNA ribossomal e genotipagem do Pythium insidiosum. Unassigned: Duzentos e vinte equinos incluindo 204 árabes e 16 equinos de tração. MÉTODOS: O estudo de série de casos com o diagnóstico foi baseado em achados clínicos, patológicos e hematológicos típicos de infecção por P. insidiosum, identificação por cultura, investigação imunohistoquímica e PCR de amostra direta. Results: Os equinos afetados (24 de 220; 10,91%) apresentaram lesões únicas ou múltiplas no abdômen, membros, peito, face e glândula mamária. Os casos frequentemente tinham histórico de acesso a água parada, lagoas e plantações de arroz inundadas intencionalmente. A maioria era de éguas prenhas (58,33%). A avaliação histopatológica revelou granulomas na epiderme, endoteliose nos vasos sanguíneos, infiltração intensa de eosinófilos na derme, necrose multifocal e o fenômeno de Splendore-Hoeppli. Diferente da microscopia direta (50%) e cultura (91,6%), o ensaio de PCR multiplex foi capaz de identificar P. insidiosum (Clade II) em todos os animais testados. Este é o primeiro estudo a determinar uma clade de P. insidiosum causando pitiose equina no Egito. CONCLUSÕES E IMPORTÂNCIA CLÍNICA: O ensaio de PCR multiplex de amostra direta é um potencial alvo para o diagnóstico rápido e precoce da pitiose equina. Ele superou as limitações associadas à identificação morfológica e fornece um diagnóstico definitivo.
Publication Date: 2020-04-28 PubMed ID: 32342602DOI: 10.1111/vde.12845Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

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The research explores the diagnosis and genotyping of Equine Pythiosis, a fatal disease among horses, particularly in Egypt. By implementing a direct sample multiplex-PCR assay, the research establishes an improvement over traditional methods of identification and provides a definitive diagnosis.

Background

  • Equine pythiosis is a severe disease that is difficult to treat, involving the rapid growth of tumour-like nodular skin masses, often leading to fatal outcomes.
  • This study aims to shed light on the clinical, histological and haematological aspects of pythiosis and also assesses the usefulness of direct sample multiplex-PCR to detect Pythium insidiosum, the microorganism responsible for this disease.

Methodology

  • The study involved 220 horses, including 204 Arabian and 16 drought horses.
  • The diagnosis for the case series study was based on clinical, pathological and haematological findings typical of P. insidiosum infection.
  • The diagnosis involved a culture identification process, immunohistochemical investigation and direct sample PCR.

Findings

  • A total of 24 out of the 220 surveyed horses (10.91%) were found to be suffering from equine pythiosis.
  • The affected horses showed single or multiple lesions on various parts of their bodies including the abdomen, limbs, chest, face, and mammary gland.
  • The majority of the affected horses were pregnant mares (58.33%).
  • Multiplex-PCR assay identified P. insidiosum (Clade II) in all tested samples, showing a higher success rate than direct microscopy (50%) and culture (91.6%).

Conclusion

  • According to the research result, the direct sample multiplex-PCR method proves to be a promising tool for the early and swift diagnosis of equine pythiosis, making it a potential cornerstone in the combat against this fatal disease.
  • The new method outperforms the traditional methods, overcoming the limitations related to the morphological identification process and providing a definitive diagnosis.

Cite This Article

APA
Tartor YH, Hamad MH, Abouzeid NZ, El-Belkemy FA. (2020). Equine pythiosis in Egypt: clinicopathological findings, detection, identification and genotyping of Pythium insidiosum. Vet Dermatol, 31(4), 298-e73. https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12845

Publication

ISSN: 1365-3164
NlmUniqueID: 9426187
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 31
Issue: 4
Pages: 298-e73

Researcher Affiliations

Tartor, Yasmine H
  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
Hamad, Mohamed H
  • Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
Abouzeid, Nasser Z
  • Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
El-Belkemy, Farouk A
  • Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • DNA, Ribosomal / genetics
  • Egypt
  • Female
  • Genotype
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horses / microbiology
  • Male
  • Phylogeny
  • Pythiosis / diagnosis
  • Pythiosis / physiopathology
  • Pythium / classification
  • Pythium / isolation & purification
  • Sequence Analysis, DNA

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Citations

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