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PLoS neglected tropical diseases2017; 11(8); e0005693; doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005693

Evolution and spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex alphavirus in the Americas.

Abstract: Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) complex alphaviruses are important re-emerging arboviruses that cause life-threatening disease in equids during epizootics as well as spillover human infections. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of VEE complex alphaviruses by sequencing the genomes of 94 strains and performing phylogenetic analyses of 130 isolates using complete open reading frames for the nonstructural and structural polyproteins. Our analyses confirmed purifying selection as a major mechanism influencing the evolution of these viruses as well as a confounding factor in molecular clock dating of ancestors. Times to most recent common ancestors (tMRCAs) could be robustly estimated only for the more recently diverged subtypes; the tMRCA of the ID/IAB/IC/II and IE clades of VEE virus (VEEV) were estimated at ca. 149-973 years ago. Evolution of the IE subtype has been characterized by a significant evolutionary shift from the rest of the VEEV complex, with an increase in structural protein substitutions that are unique to this group, possibly reflecting adaptation to its unique enzootic mosquito vector Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus. Our inferred tree topologies suggest that VEEV is maintained primarily in situ, with only occasional spread to neighboring countries, probably reflecting the limited mobility of rodent hosts and mosquito vectors.
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Publication Date: 2017-08-03 PubMed ID: 28771475PubMed Central: PMC5557581DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005693Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research explores the evolution and spread of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) complex alphaviruses in the Americas. The study focuses on analyzing the virus genomes and studying the phylogenetic relationships, identifying the evolutionary shifts, and estimating the age of the common ancestors of different virus subtypes.

Comprehensive Analysis of VEE Complex Alphaviruses

  • The study involves a thorough analysis of VEEV (Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus). This includes the genome sequencing of 94 strains and conducting phylogenetic analyses of 130 isolates.
  • The complete open reading frames for nonstructural and structural polyproteins were utilized for the phylogenetic analysis.
  • The results from their analysis confirmed purifying selection as a significant mechanism influencing the evolution of these viruses. Purifying selection refers to the evolutionary process where deleterious or harmful mutations are removed from the population. This evolution mechanism was also identified as a confounding factor in molecular clock dating of virus ancestors.

Estimating Ancestors and Evolution of Subtypes

  • Time to most recent common ancestors (tMRCAs) was estimated, revealing a rough estimate of the timeline when different VEEV subtypes diverged. This estimation could only be robustly determined for more recently diverged subtypes.
  • Estimates place the tMRCA of the ID/IAB/IC/II and IE clades of the VEEV at about 149-973 years ago.
  • The study noticed a significant evolutionary shift in the IE subtype from the rest of the VEEV complex. This subtype has seen an increase in structural protein substitutions that are unique to this group. Researchers suggest this could be due to adaptation to its unique enzootic mosquito vector, Culex (Melanoconion) taeniopus.

Understanding the Spread of VEEV

  • The inferred tree topologies suggest that the VEEV is primarily maintained in situ, meaning within its original location or site.
  • Only occasional spread to neighboring countries is observed, reflecting the limited mobility of the rodent hosts and mosquito vectors. These findings provide insights into the spread patterns and containment of the VEEV in different regions.

Cite This Article

APA
Forrester NL, Wertheim JO, Dugan VG, Auguste AJ, Lin D, Adams AP, Chen R, Gorchakov R, Leal G, Estrada-Franco JG, Pandya J, Halpin RA, Hari K, Jain R, Stockwell TB, Das SR, Wentworth DE, Smith MD, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Weaver SC. (2017). Evolution and spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex alphavirus in the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 11(8), e0005693. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005693

Publication

PLoS neglected tropical diseases
ISSN: 1935-2735
NlmUniqueID: 101291488
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 8
Pages: e0005693
PII: e0005693

Researcher Affiliations

Forrester, Naomi L
  • Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.
Wertheim, Joel O
  • Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
Dugan, Vivian G
  • Virology Group J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
Auguste, Albert J
  • Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.
Lin, David
  • cBio, Fremont, California, United States of America.
Adams, A Paige
  • Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.
Chen, Rubing
  • Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.
Gorchakov, Rodion
  • Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.
Leal, Grace
  • Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.
Estrada-Franco, Jose G
  • Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.
Pandya, Jyotsna
  • Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.
Halpin, Rebecca A
  • Virology Group J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
Hari, Kumar
  • cBio, Fremont, California, United States of America.
Jain, Ravi
  • cBio, Fremont, California, United States of America.
Stockwell, Timothy B
  • Informatics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
Das, Suman R
  • Informatics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
Wentworth, David E
  • Virology Group J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America.
Smith, Martin D
  • Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
Kosakovsky Pond, Sergei L
  • Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.
Weaver, Scott C
  • Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.

MeSH Terms

  • Americas
  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Animals
  • Culex / virology
  • Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine / genetics
  • Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine / isolation & purification
  • Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / epidemiology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / virology
  • Evolution, Molecular
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses / virology
  • Humans
  • Insect Vectors / virology
  • Phylogeny

Grant Funding

  • U54 AI057156 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • R01 GM093939 / NIGMS NIH HHS
  • R01 AI095753 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • K01 AI110181 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • R21 AI115701 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • U19 AI110819 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • HHSN272200900007C / NIAID NIH HHS

Conflict of Interest Statement

I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: David Lin, Kumar Hari and Ravi Jain work for cBio.

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