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Home/Equine Research Bank/Annu Rev Entomol/Venezuelan equine encephalitis.
Annual review of entomology2003; 49; 141-174; doi: 10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422

Venezuelan equine encephalitis.

Abstract: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) remains a naturally emerging disease threat as well as a highly developed biological weapon. Recently, progress has been made in understanding the complex ecological and viral genetic mechanisms that coincide in time and space to generate outbreaks. Enzootic, equine avirulent, serotype ID VEEV strains appear to alter their serotype to IAB or IC, and their vertebrate and mosquito host range, to mediate repeated VEE emergence via mutations in the E2 envelope glycoprotein that represent convergent evolution. Adaptation to equines results in highly efficient amplification, which results in human disease. Although epizootic VEEV strains are opportunistic in their use of mosquito vectors, the most widespread outbreaks appear to involve specific adaptation to Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus, the most common vector in many coastal areas. In contrast, enzootic VEEV strains are highly specialized and appear to utilize vectors exclusively in the Spissipes section of the Culex (Melanoconion) subgenus.
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Publication Date: 2003-12-04 PubMed ID: 14651460DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), focusing on how it emerges naturally and its potential use as a biological weapon. The paper elaborates on the ecological and genetic mechanisms that cause outbreaks, the virus’s adaptations that make it efficient in equine hosts, and its relationship with mosquito vectors.

Understanding the Outbreaks

  • The research article explores the ecological factors and viral genetic methods that occasionally result in Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) outbreaks. These events occur when enzootic (meaning naturally found in certain animal populations), equine-innocuous VEEV strains alter their serotype (a variation within a species of bacteria or viruses) from ID to IAB or IC.
  • These changes in serotype and host range are a result of mutations in the E2 envelope glycoprotein, a structural protein in the virus, hinting at the concept of convergent evolution. This is the process where organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits due to adaptation to similar environments or ecological niches.

Adaptation to Equine Hosts

  • The enzootic VEEV strains adapt specifically to equines (horses). This adaptation process allows the VEEV strain to amplify very efficiently, subsequently resulting in human disease. The adaptation poses a significant threat, as it means the virus can transition from its natural hosts to humans.

Interactions with Mosquito Vectors

  • The research highlights the relationship VEEV has with mosquito vectors. Epizootic (disease present in an animal population in a certain geographical area) VEEV strains opportunistically use mosquito vectors. The most widespread VEE outbreaks appear to involve adaptation to Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus, a common vector in many coastal areas.
  • In contrast, enzootic VEEV strains are highly specialized and seem to exclusively utilise vectors within the Spissipes section of the Culex (Melanoconion) subgenus. Understanding this interaction is crucial in controlling the spread of the virus.

The study clearly indicates how understanding the biological and ecological relationship of VEEV with its animal and vector hosts can improve strategies to manage and control disease outbreaks.

Cite This Article

APA
Weaver SC, Ferro C, Barrera R, Boshell J, Navarro JC. (2003). Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Annu Rev Entomol, 49, 141-174. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422

Publication

Annual review of entomology
ISSN: 0066-4170
NlmUniqueID: 0372367
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 49
Pages: 141-174

Researcher Affiliations

Weaver, Scott C
  • Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609, USA. sweaver@utmb.edu
Ferro, Cristina
    Barrera, Roberto
      Boshell, Jorge
        Navarro, Juan-Carlos

          MeSH Terms

          • Aedes / virology
          • Animals
          • Disease Outbreaks
          • Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine / genetics
          • Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine / pathogenicity
          • Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / epidemiology
          • Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine / transmission
          • Equidae
          • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
          • Horse Diseases / transmission
          • Horses
          • Host-Parasite Interactions
          • Humans
          • Insect Vectors / virology
          • Mutation
          • Viral Envelope Proteins / genetics
          • Viral Vaccines
          • Virulence / genetics

          Grant Funding

          • AI-25489 / NIAID NIH HHS
          • AI48807-01 / NIAID NIH HHS
          • AI49725-01 / NIAID NIH HHS
          • TW5919 / FIC NIH HHS

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