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Home / Equine Research Bank / Biology (Basel) / Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North...
Biology2022; 11(9); 1258; doi: 10.3390/biology11091258

Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene.

Abstract: Studies of horse evolution arose during the middle of the 19th century, and several hypotheses have been proposed for their taxonomy, paleobiogeography, paleoecology and evolution. The present contribution represents a collaboration of 19 multinational experts with the goal of providing an updated summary of Pliocene and Pleistocene North, Central and South American, Eurasian and African horses. At the present time, we recognize 114 valid species across these continents, plus 4 North African species in need of further investigation. Our biochronology and biogeography sections integrate Equinae taxonomic records with their chronologic and geographic ranges recognizing regional biochronologic frameworks. The paleoecology section provides insights into paleobotany and diet utilizing both the mesowear and light microscopic methods, along with calculation of body masses. We provide a temporal sequence of maps that render paleoclimatic conditions across these continents integrated with Equinae occurrences. These records reveal a succession of extinctions of primitive lineages and the rise and diversification of more modern taxa. Two recent morphological-based cladistic analyses are presented here as competing hypotheses, with reference to molecular-based phylogenies. Our contribution represents a state-of-the art understanding of Plio-Pleistocene evolution, their biochronologic and biogeographic background and paleoecological and paleoclimatic contexts.
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Publication Date: 2022-08-24 PubMed ID: 36138737PubMed Central: PMC9495906DOI: 10.3390/biology11091258Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is an intensive study on the evolution of horses, specifically the Equinae subfamily, during the Pliocene-Pleistocene era across various continents like North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa. A collective team of 19 international experts aimed to present an up-to-date summary of horse species, their chronological and geographical information, paleobotanical diet and body mass data, and the correlation with paleoclimatic conditions, as well as comparing different cladistic analyses.

Scope of the Research

  • The research involves a comprehensive investigation into horse evolution, specifically from the middle of the 19th century. The focus is on the taxonomy, paleobiogeography, paleoecology, and evolution aspects.
  • This research is a collaborative effort of 19 international experts aiming to provide a thorough and updated summary of the Pliocene and Pleistocene ages’ horse species in various continents like North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa.

Key Findings

  • Through this research, 114 valid species across these continents are recognized, along with four species in North Africa that need a closer look.
  • The team has also categorized the horses based on chronological and geographic ranges, creating regional biochronology frameworks.
  • In terms of paleoecology, the research offers insights into their past diets and body masses, derived from mesowear and light microscopic methods. Furthermore, the research provides a guide to temporal sequences that depict how the paleoclimatic conditions affected these horses over time.
  • The findings revealed a sequential pattern of extinctions of primitive lineages and the emergence of modern taxa.

Comparative Analysis and Hypotheses

  • The article presents comparative studies between two morphological-based cladistic analyses. These are presented as competing hypotheses regarding the horse evolution process.
  • The contribution represents an in-depth understanding of the Plio-Pleistocene equine species, their chronological and geographical background, along with their paleoecological and paleoclimatic contexts.

Cite This Article

APA
(2022). Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. Biology (Basel), 11(9), 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091258

Publication

Biology
ISSN: 2079-7737
NlmUniqueID: 101587988
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 9
PII: 1258

Researcher Affiliations

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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