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Home / Equine Research Bank / Arch Virol / Evolutionary pattern of the H 3 haemagglutinin of equine inf...
Archives of virology1992; 123(1-2); 73-87; doi: 10.1007/BF01317139

Evolutionary pattern of the H 3 haemagglutinin of equine influenza viruses: multiple evolutionary lineages and frozen replication.

Abstract: The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the haemagglutinin genes coding for the HA 1 domain of H3N8 equine influenza viruses isolated over wide regions of the world were analyzed in detail to determine their evolutionary relationships. We have constructed a phylogenetic model tree by the neighbour-joining method using nucleotide sequences of 15 haemagglutinin genes, including those of five viruses determined in the present study. This gene tree revealed the existence of two major evolutionary pathways during a twenty five-year period between 1963 to 1988, and each pathway appeared to consist of two distinct lineages of haemagglutinin genes. Furthermore, our analysis of nucleotide sequences showed that two distinct lineages of equine H3N8 viruses were involved in an equine influenza outbreak during the period of December 1971-January 1972 in Japan. The number of nucleotide changes between strains was proportional to the length of time (in years) between their isolation except for three of the HA genes. However, there are three exceptional strains isolated in 1971, 1987, and 1988, respectively. The haemagglutinin gene in these strains showed a small number of nucleotide substitutions after they branched off around 1963, suggesting an example of frozen replication. Although the estimated rate (0.0094/site/year) of synonymous (silent) substitutions of the haemagglutinin gene of equine H3N8 viruses was nearly the same as that of human H 1 and H 3 haemagglutinin genes, the rate of nonsynonymous (amino-acid changing) substitutions of the former equine virus gene was estimated to be 0.00041/site/year--that is about 5 times lower than that estimated for the human H 3 haemagglutinin gene. The present study is the first demonstration that multiple evolutionary lineages of equine H3N8 influenza virus circulated since 1963.
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Publication Date: 1992-01-01 PubMed ID: 1550498DOI: 10.1007/BF01317139Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study examines the evolution of the H 3 haemagglutinin of equine influenza viruses, showing the existence of two major evolutionary pathways over a 25-year period, as well as the concept of ‘frozen replication’.

Evolutionary Relationships and Pathways of H3N8 Equine Influenza Viruses

  • The researchers analyzed the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the haemagglutinin genes coding for the HA 1 domain of H3N8 equine influenza viruses to determine their evolutionary relationships.
  • They constructed a phylogenetic model tree, a method used to illustrate the evolutionary relationships among various species based on shared attributes. This was done using nucleotide sequences of 15 haemagglutinin genes, which included those of five viruses determined in the study.
  • The model tree revealed the existence of two major evolutionary pathways during a 25-year period, from 1963 to 1988. Each pathway consisted of two distinct lineages of haemagglutinin genes.

Equine Influenza Outbreak and Frozen Replication

  • The study found that two distinct lineages of equine H3N8 viruses were involved in an equine influenza outbreak in Japan between December 1971 and January 1972.
  • The number of nucleotide changes between strains was usually proportional to the length of time (in years) between their isolation. However, exceptions occurred in strains isolated in 1971, 1987, and 1988.
  • These strains displayed a small number of nucleotide substitutions after they branched off around 1963. This was seen as an example of “frozen replication”, a phenomenon where the genomic changes pause or slow down significantly for certain periods.

Rate of Synonymous and Non-Synonymous Substitutions

  • The estimated rate of synonymous (silent) substitutions of the haemagglutinin gene of equine H3N8 viruses was nearly the same as that of human H 1 and H 3 haemagglutinin genes.
  • However, the rate of nonsynonymous (amino-acid changing) substitutions of the equine virus gene was found to be about 5 times lower than that estimated for the human H 3 haemagglutinin gene.

Implications of the Study

  • This research is significant because it marks the first demonstration that multiple evolutionary lineages of the equine H3N8 influenza virus have circulated since 1963.
  • This deeper understanding of the evolution and mutation rate of the H3N8 virus can aid in predicting future variations and in the development of more effective vaccines.

Cite This Article

APA
Endo A, Pecoraro R, Sugita S, Nerome K. (1992). Evolutionary pattern of the H 3 haemagglutinin of equine influenza viruses: multiple evolutionary lineages and frozen replication. Arch Virol, 123(1-2), 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01317139

Publication

Archives of virology
ISSN: 0304-8608
NlmUniqueID: 7506870
Country: Austria
Language: English
Volume: 123
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 73-87

Researcher Affiliations

Endo, A
  • Department of Virology and Rickettsiology, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan.
Pecoraro, R
    Sugita, S
      Nerome, K

        MeSH Terms

        • Amino Acid Sequence
        • Animals
        • Base Sequence
        • Biological Evolution
        • Chick Embryo
        • Cloning, Molecular
        • DNA, Viral
        • Genes, Viral
        • Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
        • Hemagglutinins, Viral / genetics
        • Influenza A virus / classification
        • Influenza A virus / genetics
        • Molecular Sequence Data
        • Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

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