Experimental infection of ponies with equine influenza A2 (H3N8) virus strains of different pathogenicity elicits varying interferon and interleukin-6 responses.
Abstract: The production of interferon (IFN), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was monitored in horses during the course of influenza A2 virus infections. The effects of two virus strains, Newmarket/2/93 and Sussex/89, were compared, of which the latter is considered the more pathogenic in terms of clinical signs. Ten naive ponies were infected with influenza A/equine/Sussex/89 and 10 with influenza A/equine/Newmarket/2/93, respectively. As expected ponies infected with Sussex/89 showed the most pronounced clinical signs but there was no notable difference in viral excretion compared with Newmarket/2/93. IFN was detected in nasal secretions of all ponies infected with Sussex/89 but only in 2 ponies infected with Newmarktet/2/93. IFN was not detected in serum of any animal. IL-6 activity was detected in nasal secretions of all experimental animals from day 2 and onwards, but showed markedly higher IL-6 responses were observed in ponies infected with Sussex/89. No TNF activity was detected in any of the samples collected. In summary, equine influenza A 2 infections elicited local, and in some cases systemic, IFN and IL-6 responses in the ponies. Interestingly, there was some evidence that the duration and levels of cytokine responses may be related to the pathogenicity of the influenza strains.
Publication Date: 2003-05-03 PubMed ID: 12725689DOI: 10.1089/088282403763635456Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This research investigated the immune responses of horses infected with distinct strains of the Influenza A virus. The study observed variances in the production of certain immune system proteins, interferon and interleukin-6, implying that the severity of the infection might be associated with the levels and duration of these responses.
Overview of the Study
- The researchers monitored the production of certain proteins that play a key role in the immune response in ponies infected with distinct strains of the influenza A virus, focusing on interferon (IFN), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
- They compared the impacts of two virus strains: Newmarket/2/93 and Sussex/89. Sussex/89 is traditionally known to be more pathogenic, meaning that it causes more severe symptoms.
- The research involved 20 naive, or not previously exposed, ponies. Ten of these ponies were infected with the Sussex/89 strain, while the other ten were infected with the Newmarket/2/93 strain.
Key Findings
- As predicted, the ponies infected with the Sussex/89 strain demonstrated more severe symptoms. However, the study found no clear difference in the amount of virus excreted between the two groups.
- IFN was detected in the nasal secretions of all the ponies infected with the Sussex/89 strain, whereas it was found in only two of the ponies infected with the Newmarket/2/93 strain.
- IFN was not detected in the bloodstream of any of the subjects.
- IL-6 was found in the nasal secretions of all the ponies, appearing from the second day of infection and onwards. The ponies infected with the Sussex/89 strain showed a notably higher response.
- No TNF activity was seen in any of the collected samples.
Conclusions
- The research determines that infection with equine influenza A 2 incites local and sometimes systemic, IFN and IL-6 responses in ponies.
- Interestingly, the study provides some indication that the severity of the virus strain might be connected to the levels and duration of these immune responses.
Cite This Article
APA
Wattrang E, Jessett DM, Yates P, Fuxler L, Hannant D.
(2003).
Experimental infection of ponies with equine influenza A2 (H3N8) virus strains of different pathogenicity elicits varying interferon and interleukin-6 responses.
Viral Immunol, 16(1), 57-67.
https://doi.org/10.1089/088282403763635456 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Unit of Comparative Medicine and Physiology, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. Eva.Wattrang@kirmed.slu.se
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Female
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype
- Influenza A virus / classification
- Influenza A virus / immunology
- Influenza A virus / pathogenicity
- Interferons / biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6 / biosynthesis
- Male
- Mice
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / biosynthesis
Citations
This article has been cited 15 times.- Rozario C, Martínez-Sobrido L, McSorley HJ, Chauché C. Could Interleukin-33 (IL-33) Govern the Outcome of an Equine Influenza Virus Infection? Learning from Other Species.. Viruses 2021 Dec 15;13(12).
- Amat JAR, Patton V, Chauché C, Goldfarb D, Crispell J, Gu Q, Coburn AM, Gonzalez G, Mair D, Tong L, Martinez-Sobrido L, Marshall JF, Marchesi F, Murcia PR. Long-term adaptation following influenza A virus host shifts results in increased within-host viral fitness due to higher replication rates, broader dissemination within the respiratory epithelium and reduced tissue damage.. PLoS Pathog 2021 Dec;17(12):e1010174.
- Zarski LM, Vaala WE, Barnett DC, Bain FT, Soboll Hussey G. A Live-Attenuated Equine Influenza Vaccine Stimulates Innate Immunity in Equine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Cultures That Could Provide Protection From Equine Herpesvirus 1.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:674850.
- Reemers S, Sonnemans D, Horspool L, van Bommel S, Cao Q, van de Zande S. Determining Equine Influenza Virus Vaccine Efficacy-The Specific Contribution of Strain Versus Other Vaccine Attributes.. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Sep 3;8(3).
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