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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2025; 15(1); 102; doi: 10.3390/ani15010102

First Molecular and Phylogenetic Characterization of Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and Equine Herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) in Morocco.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the molecular prevalence and genetic characterization of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in equid populations in Morocco. A total of 154 equids (114 horses, 9 donkeys, and 31 mules) were sampled, with nasal swabs and tissue samples subjected to multiplex real-time PCR for the detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4. Additionally, an isolate from the tissue of an aborted horse fetus was included in the analysis. A subset of EHV-positive samples underwent virus isolation followed by whole-genome sequencing. PCR assays revealed that 42 samples (27%) tested positive for EHV-4, while only 3 samples (1.94%) were positive for EHV-1. Attempts to isolate the virus from EHV-4-positive samples were unsuccessful. However, virus isolation was successful in an EHV-1-positive nasopharyngeal sample from a donkey. Phylogenetic and molecular characterization reclassified the EHV-1 isolated from the donkey as an EHV-8. Meanwhile, the EHV-1 isolated from the aborted fetal tissue was classified as a clade 1 EHV-1 virus. This study is the first to report the molecular prevalence and genetic characterization of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in equid populations in Morocco, providing valuable insights into the distribution and genetic diversity of these viruses in the region.
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Publication Date: 2025-01-05 PubMed ID: 39795045PubMed Central: PMC11718982DOI: 10.3390/ani15010102Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Research Overview

  • This study investigates the presence and genetic makeup of Equine Herpesvirus types 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) in horses, donkeys, and mules in Morocco, marking the first molecular characterization of these viruses in the region.

Background and Objectives

  • Equine Herpesviruses, mainly EHV-1 and EHV-4, cause respiratory illness, abortion, and neurological disease in equids.
  • Understanding the molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of these viruses helps in disease control and epidemiology.
  • The study aims to detect the presence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in Moroccan equid populations and characterize the viruses genetically using advanced molecular techniques.

Materials and Methods

  • Samples Collected: 154 equids consisting of 114 horses, 9 donkeys, and 31 mules.
  • Sample Types: Nasal swabs and tissue samples, including tissue from an aborted horse fetus.
  • Detection Method: Multiplex real-time PCR to identify EHV-1 and EHV-4 in samples.
  • Virus Isolation: Selected PCR-positive samples were subjected to virus isolation attempts.
  • Whole-genome Sequencing: Conducted on isolates obtained from virus-positive samples to assess genetic characteristics.

Key Findings

  • Prevalence: 42 samples (27%) were positive for EHV-4 and only 3 samples (1.94%) tested positive for EHV-1, indicating EHV-4 is more prevalent in Moroccan equids.
  • Virus Isolation Results: Attempts to isolate EHV-4 from positive samples failed, potentially due to sample quality or virus viability issues.
  • A successful virus isolation occurred from an EHV-1-positive nasopharyngeal sample from a donkey.
  • Phylogenetic Reclassification: The EHV-1 strain isolated from the donkey was genetically reclassified as EHV-8, indicating the circulation of a distinct equine herpesvirus not initially anticipated.
  • The EHV-1 isolated from the aborted fetus was classified as clade 1, a recognized group within EHV-1 viruses linked to abortion cases.

Significance and Implications

  • This is the first report detailing the molecular prevalence and genetic characterization of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in Morocco’s equids.
  • The study provides baseline data on the distribution of equine herpesviruses in this geographical region, which is crucial for disease monitoring and control strategies.
  • The detection and reclassification of an EHV-8 strain emphasize the need for broader surveillance of equine herpesviruses beyond the commonly studied EHV-1 and EHV-4.
  • The information on virus genetics may aid in understanding transmission patterns, virus evolution, and vaccine development in Moroccan and potentially broader North African equid populations.

Cite This Article

APA
El Brini Z, Cullinane A, Garvey M, Fassi Fihri O, Fellahi S, Amraoui F, Loutfi C, Sebbar G, Paillot R, Piro M. (2025). First Molecular and Phylogenetic Characterization of Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and Equine Herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) in Morocco. Animals (Basel), 15(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010102

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
PII: 102

Researcher Affiliations

El Brini, Zineb
  • Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Reproduction, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco.
Cullinane, Ann
  • Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co., W91 RH93 Kildare, Ireland.
Garvey, Marie
  • Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co., W91 RH93 Kildare, Ireland.
Fassi Fihri, Ouafaa
  • Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Contagious Diseases, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco.
Fellahi, Siham
  • Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco.
Amraoui, Farid
  • Society of Veterinary Pharmaceutical and Biological Productions (Biopharma), Rabat 10000, Morocco.
Loutfi, Chafiqa
  • Society of Veterinary Pharmaceutical and Biological Productions (Biopharma), Rabat 10000, Morocco.
Sebbar, Ghizlane
  • Society of Veterinary Pharmaceutical and Biological Productions (Biopharma), Rabat 10000, Morocco.
Paillot, Romain
  • Writtle School of Agriculture, Animal and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford CM1 3RR, UK.
Piro, Mohammed
  • Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Reproduction, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco.

Conflict of Interest Statement

All authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Kutumbetov L, Myrzakhmetova B, Tussipova A, Zhapparova G, Tlenchiyeva T, Bissenbayeva K, Nurabayev S, Kerimbayev A. Development and Preclinical Evaluation of a Lyophilized Vaccine Against Equine Herpesvirus Type 4 (EHV-4).. Vaccines (Basel) 2025 May 31;13(6).
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  2. Ji Y, Xu D, Si W, Zhang Y, Khan MZ, Zhao X, Liu W. Characterization and Pathogenicity of Equine Herpesvirus Type 8 Using In-Vitro and In-Vivo Models.. Vet Sci 2025 Apr 15;12(4).
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