FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Frontiers in physiology2025; 16; 1644738; doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1644738

From wheat bran to equine gut: the in vitro fermentation dynamics of aleurone.

Abstract: Aleurone, a bioactive wheat bran component, has been shown to modulate host metabolism and gut microbiota, but its effects across different compartments of the equine gastrointestinal (GI) tract remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to characterize aleurone-derived metabolite profiles using an fermentation model with digesta from three equine GI compartments (jejunum, cecum, and colon). Unassigned: Three substrates (control feed, aleurone-containing feed, and pure aleurone) were fermented over 72 h, and targeted metabolomics was performed on 38 metabolites. Unassigned: Significant substrate- and compartment-dependent effects were found for 21 metabolites. Aleurone-containing feed increased asparagine and threonine levels while reducing lactic acid, particularly in the cecum. In contrast, control feed showed the highest overall metabolite abundance, suggesting greater microbial accessibility. Time-resolved analyses revealed dynamic production-utilization patterns; isoleucine, for example, displayed a distinct peak-decay pattern in the colon. Carnitine increased over time across compartments, showing local production, especially in the cecum. Artificial intelligence-based classification models achieved >90% accuracy in distinguishing substrate types and revealed ferulic acid and indole acetic acid as key differentiators. Unassigned: The findings suggest that aleurone's structural matrix may influence metabolite release and microbial access, highlighting its functional role in modulating fermentation and overall host metabolism. In this study, we demonstrate that aleurone alters microbial fermentation and metabolite output in a time- and compartment-specific manner. These insights enhance our understanding of aleurone as a functional feed component in horses and provide a foundation for future dietary strategies targeting metabolic and gut health.
Copyright © 2025 Boshuizen, Willems, De Maré, Hosotani, De Oliveira, Horemans, Vidal Moreno De Vega, Verdegaal and Delesalle.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2025-11-11 PubMed ID: 41306567PubMed Central: PMC12643889DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1644738Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research investigated how aleurone, a component of wheat bran, influences fermentation and metabolite production in different parts of the horse’s gut using an in vitro model.
  • The study examined metabolite changes over time in jejunum, cecum, and colon samples and assessed the effects of aleurone compared to control feed and pure aleurone.

Background and Objectives

  • Aleurone is a bioactive fraction of wheat bran known to affect host metabolism and gut microbial communities.
  • Its specific impact on the horse gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which has distinct compartments with unique microbial populations, was previously unclear.
  • The goal was to characterize the fermentation dynamics and metabolite profiles derived from aleurone in three different equine GI compartments: jejunum, cecum, and colon.
  • This was done using an in vitro fermentation model that mimics the digestion process in these gut regions.

Methods

  • Three substrates were tested in parallel fermentations:
    • Control feed (without aleurone)
    • Aleurone-containing feed
    • Pure aleurone supplement
  • Samples of digesta from the jejunum, cecum, and colon were collected and incubated with these substrates for up to 72 hours.
  • Metabolomic profiling targeted 38 specific metabolites related to microbial fermentation and host metabolism.
  • Sampling occurred over time to observe dynamic changes in metabolite levels.
  • Artificial intelligence (AI) classification models were applied to metabolite patterns to differentiate substrate types and highlight key metabolic markers.

Key Findings

  • Substrate and gut compartment significantly influenced metabolite profiles, with 21 out of 38 metabolites showing notable variation.
  • Aleurone-containing feed caused:
    • Increased levels of amino acids asparagine and threonine, especially in the cecum.
    • Decreased lactic acid concentrations in the cecum, suggesting altered fermentation pathways.
  • Control feed yielded the highest overall abundance of metabolites, indicating it may be more readily accessible to gut microbes than the aleurone matrix.
  • Time-course analysis revealed:
    • Metabolites like isoleucine exhibited a distinct peak followed by a decline, especially in the colon, reflecting dynamic microbial utilization and production.
    • Carnitine levels increased over time in all compartments, particularly in the cecum, implying local microbial synthesis or release.
  • AI classification achieved over 90% accuracy in distinguishing between substrates based on metabolite data.
  • Ferulic acid and indole acetic acid emerged as critical metabolite markers differentiating aleurone-containing substrates from controls.

Interpretation and Implications

  • The structural matrix of aleurone likely restricts some microbial access, affecting how metabolites are released and processed.
  • Aleurone modifies the fermentation process and metabolite profiles in a manner specific to gut location and time, demonstrating functional complexity.
  • The changes in key metabolites related to amino acids and organic acids suggest aleurone may influence gut microbial metabolism and, ultimately, host metabolic health.
  • Understanding these dynamics provides a scientific foundation for designing horse diets that use aleurone or similar wheat bran components to enhance gut health and metabolic function.
  • The study also highlights the utility of combining metabolomics with AI for advancing feed research and precision nutrition in equine science.

Conclusion

  • This study demonstrated that aleurone distinctly impacts microbial fermentation and metabolite production across different parts of the equine GI tract in vitro.
  • These findings offer novel insights into how aleurone can be leveraged as a functional dietary component to modulate gut microbial activity and host metabolism in horses.
  • Future work may build on these results to optimize feeding strategies to promote equine gut and metabolic health.

Cite This Article

APA
Boshuizen B, Willems M, De Maré L, Hosotani G, De Oliveira JE, Horemans B, Vidal Moreno De Vega C, Verdegaal EJMM, Delesalle C. (2025). From wheat bran to equine gut: the in vitro fermentation dynamics of aleurone. Front Physiol, 16, 1644738. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1644738

Publication

Frontiers in physiology
ISSN: 1664-042X
NlmUniqueID: 101549006
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 16
Pages: 1644738
PII: 1644738

Researcher Affiliations

Boshuizen, Berit
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
  • Equine Hospital Wolvega, Oldeholtpade, Netherlands.
Willems, Maarten
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
De Maré, Lorie
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Hosotani, Guilherme
  • Cargill Research and Development Centre Europe, Vilvoorde, Belgium.
De Oliveira, Jean Eduardo
  • Cargill Research and Development Centre Europe, Vilvoorde, Belgium.
Horemans, Benjamin
  • Cargill Research and Development Centre Europe, Vilvoorde, Belgium.
Vidal Moreno De Vega, Carmen
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
Verdegaal, Elisabeth-Lidwien J M M
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
  • Equine Health and Performance Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Delesalle, Catherine
  • Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
  • Equine Health and Performance Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors GH, BH, and JD were employed by Cargill Research and Development Centre Europe. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 70 references
  1. Al Jassim R. A. M., Scott P. T., Trebbin A. L., Trott D., Pollitt C. C.. The genetic diversity of lactic acid producing bacteria in the equine gastrointestinal tract. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 248, 75–81.
    doi: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.05.023pubmed: 15953698google scholar: lookup
  2. Al-Lahham S. H., Peppelenbosch M. P., Roelofsen H., Vonk R. J., Venema K.. Biological effects of propionic acid in humans; metabolism, potential applications and underlying mechanisms. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1801, 1175–1183.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.07.007pubmed: 20691280google scholar: lookup
  3. Amrein T. M., Gränicher P., Arrigoni E., Amadò R.. digestibility and colonic fermentability of aleurone isolated from wheat bran. LWT 36, 451–460.
    doi: 10.1016/S0023-6438(03)00036-7google scholar: lookup
  4. Andreasen M. F., Kroon P. A., Williamson G., Garcia-Conesa M. T.. Esterase activity able to hydrolyze dietary antioxidant hydroxycinnamates is distributed along the intestine of mammals. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 5679–5684.
    doi: 10.1021/jf010668cpubmed: 11714377google scholar: lookup
  5. Anson N. M., Selinheimo E., Havenaar R., Aura A. M., Mattila I., Lehtinen P.. Bioprocessing of wheat bran improves bioaccessibility and colonic metabolism of phenolic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57, 6148–6155.
    doi: 10.1021/jf900492hpubmed: 19537710google scholar: lookup
  6. Aslam M. F., Ellis P. R., Berry S. E., Latunde-Dada G. O., Sharp P. A.. Enhancing mineral bioavailability from cereals: current strategies and future perspectives. Nutr. Bull. 43, 184–188.
    doi: 10.1111/nbu.12324pmc: PMC6174934pubmed: 30333713google scholar: lookup
  7. Bates D., Mächler M., Bolker B. M., Walker S. C.. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67.
    doi: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01google scholar: lookup
  8. Bedford A., Gong J.. Implications of butyrate and its derivatives for gut health and animal production. Anim. Nutr. 4, 151–159.
    doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.08.010pmc: PMC6104520pubmed: 30140754google scholar: lookup
  9. Biddle A. S., Black S. J., Blanchard J. L.. An model of the horse gut microbiome enables identification of lactate-utilizing bacteria that differentially respond to starch induction. PLoS One 8, e77599.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077599pmc: PMC3788102pubmed: 24098591google scholar: lookup
  10. Bohm A, Buri R. Composition comprising aleurone, method of administering the same, and method of manufacturing the same.. .
  11. Bosch G., Heesen L., De Melo Santos K., Pellikaan W. F., Cone J. W., Hendriks W. H.. Evaluation of an fibre fermentation method using feline faecal inocula: repeatability and reproducibility. J. Nutr. Sci. 6, e25.
    doi: 10.1017/jns.2017.22pmc: PMC5468747pubmed: 28630702google scholar: lookup
  12. Boshuizen B., Moreno de Vega C. V., De Maré L., de Meeûs C., de Oliveira J. E., Hosotani G.. Effects of aleurone supplementation on glucose-insulin metabolism and gut microbiome in untrained healthy horses. Front. Vet. Sci. 8, 642809.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.642809pmc: PMC8072273pubmed: 33912605google scholar: lookup
  13. Boshuizen B., De Maré L., Oosterlinck M., Van Immerseel F., Eeckhaut V., De Meeus C.. Aleurone supplementation enhances the metabolic benefits of training in standardbred mares: impacts on glucose-insulin dynamics and gut microbiome composition. Front. Physiol. 16, 1565005.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1565005pmc: PMC12018385pubmed: 40276369google scholar: lookup
  14. Brandi R., Furtado C.. Importância nutricional e metabólica da fibra na dieta de equinos. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 38, 246–258.
    doi: 10.1590/s1516-35982009001300025google scholar: lookup
  15. Bresciani L., Scazzina F., Leonardi R., Dall’Aglio E., Newell M., Dall’Asta M.. Bioavailability and metabolism of phenolic compounds from wholegrain wheat and aleurone-rich wheat bread. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 60, 2343–2354.
    doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201600238pubmed: 27273424google scholar: lookup
  16. Brouns F, Adam-Perrot A, Atwell B, Reding W V. Nutritional and technological aspects of wheat aleurone fibre: implications for use in food.. Diet. Fibre New Front. Food Health 395–413.
    doi: 10.3920/978-90-8686-692-2_028google scholar: lookup
  17. Brouns F, Hemery Y, Price R, Anson N M. Wheat aleurone: separation, composition, health aspects, and potential food use.. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 52, 553–568.
    doi: 10.1080/10408398.2011.589540pubmed: 22452734google scholar: lookup
  18. Calani L, Ounnas F, Salen P, Demeilliers C, Bresciani L, Scazzina F. Bioavailability and metabolism of hydroxycinnamates in rats fed with durum wheat aleurone fractions.. Food Funct. 5, 1738–1746.
    doi: 10.1039/c4fo00328dpubmed: 24977665google scholar: lookup
  19. Cheng B-Q, Trimble R P, Illman R J, Stone B A, Topping D L. Comparative effects of dietary wheat bran and its morphological components (aleurone and pericarp-seed coat) on volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rat.. Br. J. Nutr. 57, 69–76.
    doi: 10.1079/bjn19870010pubmed: 3026436google scholar: lookup
  20. Dambrova M, Makrecka-Kuka M, Kuka J, Vilskersts R, Nordberg D, Attwood M M. Acylcarnitines: nomenclature, biomarkers, therapeutic potential, drug targets, and clinical trials.. Pharmacol. Rev. 74, 506–551.
    doi: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000408pubmed: 35710135google scholar: lookup
  21. Deng J, Cheng C, Yu H, Huang S, Hao X, Chen J. Inclusion of wheat aleurone in gestation diets improves postprandial satiety, stress status and stillbirth rate of sows.. Anim. Nutr. 7, 412–420.
    doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.06.015pmc: PMC8245802pubmed: 34258429google scholar: lookup
  22. Dicks L M T, Botha M, Dicks E, Botes M. The equine gastro-intestinal tract: an overview of the microbiota, disease and treatment.. Livest. Sci. 160, 69–81.
    doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.11.025google scholar: lookup
  23. Dougal K, de la Fuente G, Harris P A, Girdwood S E, Pinloche E, Newbold C J. Identification of a core bacterial community within the large intestine of the horse.. PLoS One 8, e77660.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077660pmc: PMC3812009pubmed: 24204908google scholar: lookup
  24. Dupont D, Alric M, Blanquet-Diot S, Bornhorst G, Cueva C, Deglaire A. Can dynamic digestion systems mimic the physiological reality?. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 59, 1546–1562.
    doi: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1421900pubmed: 29359955google scholar: lookup
  25. Fardet A. New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre?. Nutr. Res. Rev. 23, 65–134.
    doi: 10.1017/S0954422410000041pubmed: 20565994google scholar: lookup
  26. Fitzgerald D M, Spence R J, Stewart Z K, Prentis P J, Sillence M N, De Laat M A. The effect of diet change and insulin dysregulation on the faecal microbiome of ponies.. J. Exp. Biol. 223, jeb219154.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.219154pubmed: 32098884google scholar: lookup
  27. Freeland K R, Wilson C, Wolever T M S. Adaptation of colonic fermentation and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion with increased wheat fibre intake for 1 year in hyperinsulinaemic human subjects.. Br. J. Nutr. 103, 82–90.
    doi: 10.1017/S0007114509991462pubmed: 19664300google scholar: lookup
  28. Fujimori S. Humans have intestinal bacteria that degrade the plant cell walls in herbivores.. World J. Gastroenterol. 27, 7784–7791.
    doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i45.7784pmc: PMC8661373pubmed: 34963741google scholar: lookup
  29. Gao Z, Yin J, Zhang J, Ward R E, Martin R J, Lefevre M. Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice.. Diabetes 58, 1509–1517.
    doi: 10.2337/db08-1637pmc: PMC2699871pubmed: 19366864google scholar: lookup
  30. Glinsky M. J., Smith R. M., Spires H. R., Davis C. L.. Measurement of volatile fatty acid production rates in the cecum of the pony. J. Anim. Sci. 42, 1465–1470.
    doi: 10.2527/jas1976.4261465xpubmed: 931822google scholar: lookup
  31. Goering H. K., Van Soest P. J.. Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications). .
  32. Górniak W., Cholewińska P., Szeligowska N., Wołoszyńska M., Soroko M., Czyż K.. Effect of intense exercise on the level of bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla in the digestive system of thoroughbred racehorses. Animals 11, 290–299.
    doi: 10.3390/ANI11020290pmc: PMC7910997pubmed: 33498857google scholar: lookup
  33. Guerra A., Etienne-Mesmin L., Livrelli V., Denis S., Blanquet-Diot S., Alric M.. Relevance and challenges in modeling human gastric and small intestinal digestion. Trends Biotechnol. 30, 591–600.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.08.001pubmed: 22974839google scholar: lookup
  34. Hemery Y. M., Anson N. M., Havenaar R., Haenen G. R. M. M., Noort M. W. J., Rouau X.. Dry-fractionation of wheat bran increases the bioaccessibility of phenolic acids in breads made from processed bran fractions. Food Res. Int. 43, 1429–1438.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.04.013google scholar: lookup
  35. Holmes E., Li J. V., Marchesi J. R., Nicholson J. K.. Gut microbiota composition and activity in relation to host metabolic phenotype and disease risk. Cell Metab. 16, 559–564.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.10.007pubmed: 23140640google scholar: lookup
  36. Hughes S. A., Shewry P. R., Li L., Gibson G. R., Sanz M. L., Rastall R. A.. fermentation by human fecal microflora of wheat arabinoxylans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 4589–4595.
    doi: 10.1021/jf070293gpubmed: 17488118google scholar: lookup
  37. Ingerslev A. K., Mutt S. J., Lærke H. N., Hedemann M. S., Theil P. K., Nielsen K. L.. Postprandial PYY increase by resistant starch supplementation is independent of net portal appearance of short-chain fatty acids in pigs. PLoS One 12, e0185927.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185927pmc: PMC5628905pubmed: 28982156google scholar: lookup
  38. Jeong D., Han J. A., Liu Q., Chung H. J.. Effect of processing, storage, and modification on starch digestion characteristics of food legumes: a review. Food Hydrocoll. 90, 367–376.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.12.039google scholar: lookup
  39. Keaveney E. M., Price R. K., Hamill L. L., Wallace J. M. W., McNulty H., Ward M.. Postprandial plasma betaine and other methyl donor-related responses after consumption of minimally processed wheat bran or wheat aleurone, or wheat aleurone incorporated into bread. Br. J. Nutr. 113, 445–453.
    doi: 10.1017/S0007114514003778pubmed: 25585164google scholar: lookup
  40. Le Gall M., Serena A., Jørgensen H., Theil P. K., Bach Knudsen K. E.. The role of whole-wheat grain and wheat and rye ingredients on the digestion and fermentation processes in the gut a model experiment with pigs. Br. J. Nutr. 102, 1590–1600.
    doi: 10.1017/S0007114509990924pubmed: 19635175google scholar: lookup
  41. Lebert L., Buche F., Sorin A., Aussenac T.. The wheat aleurone layer: optimisation of its benefits and application to bakery products. Foods 11, 3552.
    doi: 10.3390/foods11223552pmc: PMC9689362pubmed: 36429143google scholar: lookup
  42. Lefebvre D. E., Venema K., Gombau L., Valerio L. G., Raju J., Bondy G. S.. Utility of models of the gastrointestinal tract for assessment of the digestion and absorption of engineered nanomaterials released from food matrices. Nanotoxicology 9, 523–542.
    doi: 10.3109/17435390.2014.948091pubmed: 25119418google scholar: lookup
  43. Leng J., Walton G., Swann J., Darby A., Ragione R. L., Proudmana C.. “bowel on the bench”: proof of concept of a three-stage, fermentation model of the equine large intestine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 86, e02093-19.
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.02093-19pmc: PMC6912081pubmed: 31676474google scholar: lookup
  44. Liu W., Ye A., Han F., Han J.. Advances and challenges in liposome digestion: surface interaction, biological fate, and GIT modeling. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 263, 52–67.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.11.007pubmed: 30508694google scholar: lookup
  45. Lloyd-Price J, Arze C, Ananthakrishnan A N, Schirmer M, Avila-Pacheco J, Poon T W. Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nature 569, 655–662.
    doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1237-9pmc: PMC6650278pubmed: 31142855google scholar: lookup
  46. Louis P, Duncan S H, Sheridan P O, Walker A W, Flint H J. Microbial lactate utilisation and the stability of the gut microbiome. Gut Microbiome 3, e3.
    doi: 10.1017/gmb.2022.3pmc: PMC11406415pubmed: 39295779google scholar: lookup
  47. Mach N, Moroldo M, Rau A, Lecardonnel J, Le Moyec L, Robert C. Understanding the holobiont: crosstalk between gut microbiota and mitochondria during long exercise in horse. Front. Mol. Biosci. 8, 656204.
    doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.656204pmc: PMC8063112pubmed: 33898524google scholar: lookup
  48. Mackie R I, Wilkins C A. Enumeration of anaerobic bacterial microflora of the equine gastrointestinal tract. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 2155–2160.
    doi: 10.1128/aem.54.9.2155-2160.1988pmc: PMC202828pubmed: 3190223google scholar: lookup
  49. Mcclements D J, Decker E A, Park Y, Weiss J. Structural design principles for delivery of bioactive components in nutraceuticals and functional foods. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 49, 577–606.
    doi: 10.1080/10408390902841529pubmed: 19484636google scholar: lookup
  50. Miyaji M, Ueda K, Kobayashi Y, Hata H, Kondo S. Fiber digestion in various segments of the hindgut of horses fed grass hay or silage. Animal Sci. J. 79, 339–346.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008.00535.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  51. Neyrinck A M, De Backer F, Cani P D, Bindels L B, Stroobants A, Portetelle D. Immunomodulatory properties of two wheat bran fractions - aleurone-enriched and crude fractions - in Obese mice fed a high fat diet. Int. Immunopharmacol. 8, 1423–1432.
    doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.05.015pubmed: 18687304google scholar: lookup
  52. Nørskov N P, Hedemann M S, Theil P K, Fomsgaard I S, Laursen B B, Knudsen K E B. Phenolic acids from wheat show different absorption profiles in plasma: a model experiment with catheterized pigs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61, 8842–8850.
    doi: 10.1021/jf4002044pubmed: 23971623google scholar: lookup
  53. Orlando G, García-Arrarás J E, Soker T, Booth C, Sanders B, Ross C L. Regeneration and bioengineering of the gastrointestinal tract: current status and future perspectives. Dig. Liver Dis. 44, 714–720.
    doi: 10.1016/J.DLD.2012.04.005pubmed: 22622201google scholar: lookup
  54. Pekkinen J, Rosa N N, Savolainen O-I, Keski-Rahkonen P, Mykkänen H, Poutanen K. Disintegration of wheat aleurone structure has an impact on the bioavailability of phenolic compounds and other phytochemicals as evidenced by altered urinary metabolite profile of diet-induced obese mice. Nutr. Metab. (Lond) 11, 1.
    doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-11-1pmc: PMC3891979pubmed: 24383425google scholar: lookup
  55. Proudman C J, Hunter J O, Darby A C, Escalona E E, Batty C, Turner C. Characterisation of the faecal metabolome and microbiome of thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet. J. 47, 580–586.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12324pubmed: 25041526google scholar: lookup
  56. Quemeneur K, Labussiere E, Le Gall M, Lechevestrier Y, Montagne L. Feeding behaviour and pre-prandial status affect post-prandial plasma energy metabolites and insulin kinetics in growing pigs fed diets differing in fibre concentration. Br. J. Nutr. 121, 625–636.
    doi: 10.1017/S0007114518003768pubmed: 30567621google scholar: lookup
  57. Quemeneur K, Montagne L, Le Gall M, Lechevestrier Y, Labussiere E. Relation between feeding behaviour and energy metabolism in pigs fed diets enriched in dietary fibre and wheat aleurone. Animal 14, 508–519.
    doi: 10.1017/S1751731119002246pubmed: 31609193google scholar: lookup
  58. Reed K J, Kunz I G Z, Scare J A, Nielsen M K, Turk P J, Coleman R J. The pelvic flexure separates distinct microbial communities in the equine hindgut. Sci. Rep. 11, 4332.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83783-zpmc: PMC7900177pubmed: 33619300google scholar: lookup
  59. Rosa N N, Pekkinen J, Zavala K, Fouret G, Korkmaz A, Feillet-Coudray C. Impact of wheat aleurone structure on metabolic disorders caused by a high-fat diet in mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62, 10101–10109.
    doi: 10.1021/jf503314apubmed: 25238637google scholar: lookup
  60. Roye C, Henrion M, Chanvrier H, de Roeck K, de Bondt Y, Liberloo I. Extrusion-cooking modifies physicochemical and nutrition-related properties of wheat bran.. Foods 9, 738.
    doi: 10.3390/foods9060738pmc: PMC7353595pubmed: 32512729google scholar: lookup
  61. Schoster A, Arroyo L G, Staempfli H R, Weese J S. Comparison of microbial populations in the small intestine, large intestine and feces of healthy horses using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism.. BMC Res. Notes 6, 91.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-91pmc: PMC3622624pubmed: 23497580google scholar: lookup
  62. Sensoy I. A review on the food digestion in the digestive tract and the used models.. Curr. Res. Food Sci. 4, 308–319.
    doi: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.04.004pmc: PMC8134715pubmed: 34027433google scholar: lookup
  63. Sneddon J C, Boomker E, Howard C V. Mucosal surface area and fermentation activity in the hind gut of hydrated and chronically dehydrated working donkeys.. J. Anim. Sci. 84, 119–124.
    doi: 10.2527/2006.841119xpubmed: 16361498google scholar: lookup
  64. Sun Y, Zhang J, Zhang H, Hou H. Effects of long-term intake of whole wheat and aleurone-enriched Chinese steamed bread on gut microbiome and liver metabolome in mice fed high-fat diet.. J. Cereal Sci. 109, 103614.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103614google scholar: lookup
  65. Team R C. RA language and environment for statistical computing.. Computing .
  66. Theil P K, Joørgensen H, Serena A, Hendrickson J, Bach Knudsen K E. Products deriving from microbial fermentation are linked to insulinaemic response in pigs fed breads prepared from whole-wheat grain and wheat and rye ingredients.. Br. J. Nutr. 105, 373–383.
    doi: 10.1017/S0007114510003715pubmed: 20923581google scholar: lookup
  67. Wilmanski T, Diener C, Rappaport N, Patwardhan S, Wiedrick J, Lapidus J. Gut microbiome pattern reflects healthy ageing and predicts survival in humans.. Nat. Metab. 3, 274–286.
    doi: 10.1038/s42255-021-00348-0pmc: PMC8169080pubmed: 33619379google scholar: lookup
  68. Zhao Z, Egashira Y, Sanada H. Digestion and absorption of ferulic acid sugar esters in rat gastrointestinal tract.. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 5534–5539.
    doi: 10.1021/jf034455upubmed: 12926910google scholar: lookup
  69. Zhuang Y, Gao D, Jiang W, Xu Y, Liu G, Hou G. Core microbe bifidobacterium in the hindgut of calves improves the growth phenotype of young hosts by regulating microbial functions and host metabolism.. Microbiome 13, 13.
    doi: 10.1186/s40168-024-02010-9pmc: PMC11740343pubmed: 39819813google scholar: lookup
  70. Zimmermann M, Zimmermann-Kogadeeva M, Wegmann R, Goodman A L. Mapping human microbiome drug metabolism by gut bacteria and their genes.. Nature 570, 462–467.
    doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1291-3pmc: PMC6597290pubmed: 31158845google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 100,151 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.