[From wild horse to riding horse].

The research article explores the history and evolution of horses across significant events, emphasizing their change in roles from economic and cultural instruments to modern-day partners in sport and cotherapeutic companions. Often, the established behavioral needs for horses in use and keeping are not adequately fulfilled.

Horse Evolution and Relations with Humans

• The research traces the journey of the horse over 45 million years of evolution, highlighting the horse’s significant transformations from a wild creature to a finely attuned domestic animal.
• Horses have undergone various changes in anatomy, physiology, and behavior to suit their varied environments and tasks.
• The authors emphasize the extensive influence horses have had on human economic and cultural history, more than any other animal.

Historical Use of Horses

• The species was initially hunted as prey during the ice age and has been domesticated since around 4000 B.C.
• Over thousands of years, horses have been utilized globally in numerous capacities, including transportation, warfare, farming, and more. Their unique features and advanced adaptability made horses the ideal animal for such varied roles.

Modern Roles of Horses

• In contemporary times, the usage of horses has significantly changed. They have moved away from being the primary means of transportation or farming, taking on less utilitarian roles such as sports and companionship.
• Horses are commonly seen today in competitive equestrian sports, recreational riding, or therapeutic sessions. They are appreciated for their ability to form bonds with humans.
• As co-therapeutics, horses have become particularly important in modern therapy methods. Their empathetic nature makes them effective helpers in psychological and physical therapies.

Current Issues Related to Horse Keeping

• The study points out the regular failure to meet horse’s established behavioral needs in the aspects of their use and care.
• These problems often arise from lack of knowledge, negligence, or other aspects of human-horse interaction, leading to potential welfare issues for the horses.