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Home / Equine Research Bank / Eur J Transl Myol / Functional Electrical Stimulation as a Safe and Effective Tr...
European journal of translational myology2015; 25(2); 4910; doi: 10.4081/ejtm.2015.4910

Functional Electrical Stimulation as a Safe and Effective Treatment for Equine Epaxial Muscle Spasms: Clinical Evaluations and Histochemical Morphometry of Mitochondria in Muscle Biopsies.

Abstract: Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) has been used extensively over several decades to reverse muscle atrophy during rehabilitation for spinal cord injury patients. The benefits of the technology are being expanded into other areas, and FES has been recently utilized for injury rehabilitation and performance enhancement in horses. Six retired horses (age from 10 to 17 yrs) that had been previously used mainly for dressage riding were selected for this study. Clinical evaluation found epaxial muscle spasms in all horses with minimal to no pelvic extension when manually palpated. FES treatments were performed on the sacral/lumbar region 3 times per week for a period of 8 weeks, obtaining a total of 22 treatments per horse. The Modified Ashworth Scale for grading muscle spasms found a one grade improvement after approximately four FES treatments, indicating improved functional movement of the sacral/lumbar region, supporting the evidence by clinical palpations that a reduction in epaxial muscle spasms occurred. Skeletal muscle biopsies Pre and Post FES treatments were obtained from the longissimus lumborum muscle. Cryosections were stained with a Hemotoxylin-Eosin (H-E), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase reaction (NADH-TR). The eventual size change of the muscle fibers were evaluated by morphometry in the H-E and NADH-TR stained cryosections, while in the NADH-TR slides the histochemical density and distribution of mitochondria were also determined. The main results of the morphometric analyses were: 1) As expected for the type of FES treatment used in this study, only a couple of horses showed significant increases in mean muscle fiber size when Pre- vs Post-FES biopsies were compared; 2) In the older horses, there were sparse (or many in one horse) very atrophic and angulated muscle fibers in both Pre- and Post-FES samples, whose attributes and distribution suggests that they were denervated due to a distal neuropathy; 3) The hypothesis of generalized FES-induced muscle fiber damage during epaxial muscle training is not supported by our data since: 3.1) Denervated muscle fibers were also present in the Pre-FES biopsies and 3.2) Only one horse presented with several long-term denervated muscles fibers Post-FES; 4) Preliminary data indicate an increased density and distribution of mitochondria in Post-FES biopsies, suggesting that the clinical improvements in the FES treated horses may be related to daily increased muscle contraction and perfusion induced by FES training. In conclusion, FES in horses is a safe treatment that provides clinical improvements in equine epaxial muscle spasms.
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Publication Date: 2015-03-11 PubMed ID: 26913151PubMed Central: PMC4749012DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2015.4910Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research study is about using Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) as a treatment for muscle spasms in horses, and it shows that FES can be a safe and effective method that even improves the density and dispersal of mitochondria in muscle tissue.

Description of the Study

  • The research involves applying Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) to six retired dressage horses, aged 10-17 years, experiencing epaxial muscle spasms – a condition characterized by tight, knotted muscles in the lower back area that limits the horse’s pelvic extension when palpated.
  • FES works by delivering small electrical impulses to spasm-affected muscles, aiding in muscle rehabilitation and performance enhancement. In this specific study, FES treatments were conducted on the sacral/lumbar region three times a week for eight weeks.
  • The investigators used the Modified Ashworth Scale to evaluate muscle spasms, noting an improvement after about four FES treatments. This improvement was characterized by more functional movement in the sacral/lumbar region and a decrease in muscle spasms — both verified by clinical palpations.

Analysis of Muscle Biopsies and Findings

  • Before and after the FES treatments, the researchers extracted biopsies from the longissimus lumborum muscle — a large muscle in the lower back. The muscle biopsies were then “stained” with Hemotoxylin-Eosin (H-E) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) for further examination.
  • The researchers observed minute changes in the size of muscle fibers in both H-E and NADH-TR stained sections. They also used the NADH-TR stained slides to determine the histochemical density and distribution of mitochondria — cell structures that generate energy in the form of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
  • The key findings through the morphometric analyses suggested that:
    • There were significant increases in muscle fibre size only in a couple of horses after FES treatment was compared with the before-treatment biopsies.
    • In older horses, a few or many, depending on individuals, showed very atrophic and angulated muscle fibers in both pre and post-FES samples. The attributes of these fibres suggested denervation due to distal neuropathy.
    • The research data did not support the hypothesis of muscle fibre damage due to FES.
    • Increase in density and distribution of mitochondria in post-FES biopsies suggested daily increase in muscle contraction and perfusion induced by FES training contributed to the clinical improvements seen in the FES treated horses.

Conclusions

  • The study concludes that Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) can be a safe treatment for improving equine epaxial muscle spasms. The results show muscle adjustments including an increased presence and distribution of mitochondria in muscle tissues which potentially aids in better muscle performance and recovery due to more efficient energy production.

Cite This Article

APA
Ravara B, Gobbo V, Carraro U, Gelbmann L, Pribyl J, Schils S. (2015). Functional Electrical Stimulation as a Safe and Effective Treatment for Equine Epaxial Muscle Spasms: Clinical Evaluations and Histochemical Morphometry of Mitochondria in Muscle Biopsies. Eur J Transl Myol, 25(2), 4910. https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2015.4910

Publication

European journal of translational myology
ISSN: 2037-7452
NlmUniqueID: 101576208
Country: Italy
Language: English
Volume: 25
Issue: 2
Pages: 4910

Researcher Affiliations

Ravara, Barbara
  • Laboratory of Translational Myology of the Interdepartmental Research Center of Myology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova , Italy.
Gobbo, Valerio
  • C.N.R. Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova , Italy.
Carraro, Ugo
  • IRRCS Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo , Venezia, Italy.
Gelbmann, Lin
  • . LIN Rehabilitation Services LLC , St Paul, Minnesota USA.
Pribyl, Jamie
  • . Jamie Pribyl , DVM, Buffalo, Minnesota USA.
Schils, Sheila
  • . Equine Rehabilitation LLC , N8139 900th St, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA.

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