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Vavilovskii zhurnal genetiki i selektsii2025; 29(1); 113-121; doi: 10.18699/vjgb-25-13

Genetic characteristics of local horse breeds by microsatellite DNA loci.

Abstract: Russia has a significant pedigree diversity of horse breeds with unique gene pools that are well adapted to a wide variety of harsh natural and climatic conditions, are characterized by universal performance and high productive qualities, and are of significant interest to the world horse breeding. Genetic studies of population diversity in horse breeding are very relevant, since many domestic horse breeds are under threat of extinction. Biomaterials (hair, blood, semen) from horses of 15 local breeds bred in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries (CIS) were selected for the research. The sample included 2,193 horses, including: Altaiskaya (n = 48), Bashkirskaya (n = 130), Buryatskaya (n = 30), Vyatskaya (n = 220), Zabaikalskaya (n = 34), Kyrgyzskaya (n = 100), Mezenskaya (n = 148), Mugalzharskaya (n = 109), Novoaltaiskaya (n = 514), Pechorskaya (n = 31), Shetland pony (n = 47), Priobskaya (n = 85), Tuvinskaya (n = 600), Khakasskaya (n = 47) and Yakutskaya (n = 50) breeds. The following indicators were used in the genetic and population analysis: the total number of allele variants (Na) in 17 microsatellite loci, the level of polymorphism (Ae), the average number of alleles per locus (Nv), observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, coefficients of genetic similarity and genetic distances, as well as the coefficient of intrapopulation inbreeding (Fis). Modern local horse breeds, even relatively small in number, have a high level of biodiversity and a peculiar genetic structure, often with the presence of private alleles, which persists despite periodic crossing with stud breeds of different specializations. It was found that horses of local breeds possess a number of unique alleles, including ASB2T, HMS7S, HMS6J, HMS6H, HMS2T, HMS1O, HTG7L, HTG6L, HTG6H, VHL20S, ASB17Z, ASB17X, ASB17U, LEX3S, LEX3R and CA425E, which were not detected in representatives of stud breeds in the studied European populations. The majority of the studied breeds were characterized by a negative Fis value and the absence of inbreeding. The coefficients of genetic similarity of local breeds varied in a relatively wide range (0.828-0.973) and testified to the uniqueness of the gene pools of most local horse breeds of the Russian Federation, as well as confirmed the common origin of the Kyrgyzskaya horse with the horse populations of Southern Siberia. Россия обладает значительным породным разнообразием конских пород с уникальными генофондами, которые хорошо адаптированы к самым разнообразным суровым природно-климатическим условиям, характеризуются универсальной работоспособностью, высокими продуктивными качествами и представляют существенный интерес для мирового коневодства. Генетические исследования популяционного разнообразия в коневодстве являются весьма актуальными, так как многие отечественные породы лошадей находятся под угрозой исчезновения. Для исследований были отобраны биоматериалы (волосы, кровь, сперма) от лошадей 15 местных пород, разводимых в России и сопредельных странах. Выборка включала 2193 лошади алтайской (n = 48), башкирской (n = 130), бурятской (n = 30), вятской (n = 220), забайкальской (n = 34), кыргызской (n = 100), мезенской (n = 148), мугалжарской (n = 109), новоалтайской (n = 514), печорской (n = 31), шетлендских пони (n = 47), приобской (n = 85), тувинской (n = 600), хакасской (n = 47) и якутской (n = 50) пород. При проведении генетико-популяционного анализа использовали следующие показатели: общее количество вариантов аллелей (Na) в 17 микросателлитных локусах, уровень полиморфности (Ae), среднее число аллелей на локус (Nv), наблюдаемая (Ho) и ожидаемая (He) гетерозиготность, коэффициенты генетического сходства и генетических дистанций, коэффициент внутрипопуляционного инбридинга (Fis). Современные местные породы лошадей даже при сравнительно небольшой численности имеют высокий уровень биоразнообразия и своеобразную генетическую структуру, часто с наличием приватных аллелей, которая сохраняется несмотря на периодическое скрещивание с заводскими породами разной специализации. Установлено, что лошади местных пород обладают рядом уникальных аллелей, включая ASB2T, HMS7S, HMS6J, HMS6H, HMS2T, HMS1O, HTG7L, HTG6L, HTG6H, VHL20S, ASB17Z, ASB17X, ASB17U, LEX3S, LEX3R и CA425E, которые не выявлены у представителей заводских пород в изученных европейских популяциях. Для большинства изученных пород было характерно отрицательное значение Fis и отсутствие внутрипородного инбридинга. Коэффициенты генетического сходства местных пород менялись в сравнительно широком диапазоне (0.828–0.973) и свидетельствовали об уникальности генофондов большинства местных конских пород в России, а также подтверждали общность происхождения кыргызской лошади с популяциями лошадей Южной Сибири.
Publication Date: 2025-03-27 PubMed ID: 40144375PubMed Central: PMC11933895DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-25-13Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research paper is an analysis of the genetic diversity among 15 local horse breeds in Russia and neighboring countries, using microsatellite DNA loci. The study seeks to garner more information about the genetic structures and unique alleles of local horse breeds, which are at risk of extinction.

Sampling

  • Hair, blood, and semen samples from a total of 2,193 horses across 15 local breeds were analyzed for this study.
  • The breeds included were Altaiskaya, Bashkirskaya, Buryatskaya, Vyatskaya, Zabaikalskaya, Kyrgyzskaya, Mezenskaya, Mugalzharskaya, Novoaltaiskaya, Pechorskaya, Shetland pony, Priobskaya, Tuvinskaya, Khakasskaya, and Yakutskaya.

Methodology

  • The sample was analyzed using 17 microsatellite loci.
  • Evaluative indicators such as observed and expected heterozygosity, the total number of allele variants, the level of polymorphisms, the average number of alleles per locus, coefficients of genetic similarity and distances, and coefficient of intrapopulation inbreeding were used.

Findings

  • It was discovered that even local horse breeds with relatively lower populations had high levels of biodiversity and distinct genetic structures.
  • It was also found that the horses contained unique alleles that had not been detected in any of the stud breeds in the studied European populations.
  • The researchers noted a negative Fis value and an absence of inbreeding in most of the studied breeds.
  • The genetic similarity of local breeds varied quite significantly, confirming the uniqueness of the gene pools of most local horse breeds in Russia.
  • The research also confirmed a common origin between the Kyrgyzskaya horse breed and horse populations in Southern Siberia.

Implications

  • These findings indicate that the local horse breeds in Russia and neighboring countries have a unique genetic diversity that must be preserved due to the threat of extinction faced by many of these breeds.
  • This study could provide vital data for future horse breeding efforts aimed at preserving the unique genetics of these local horse breeds.
  • Evidence of a common origin in some breeds could be influential for historical and anthropological studies on the migration and relationships between human groups and horse breeds.

Cite This Article

APA
Blohina NV, Khrabrova LA. (2025). Genetic characteristics of local horse breeds by microsatellite DNA loci. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii, 29(1), 113-121. https://doi.org/10.18699/vjgb-25-13

Publication

ISSN: 2500-0462
NlmUniqueID: 101583566
Country: Russia (Federation)
Language: English
Volume: 29
Issue: 1
Pages: 113-121

Researcher Affiliations

Blohina, N V
  • All-Russian Research Institute of Horse Breeding, Divovo, Rybnovsky district, Ryazan region, Russia.
Khrabrova, L A
  • All-Russian Research Institute of Horse Breeding, Divovo, Rybnovsky district, Ryazan region, Russia.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Citations

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