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Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie1994; 111(1-6); 128-137; doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1994.tb00446.x

Genetics of racing performance in the Japanese Thoroughbred horse:: II. Environmental variation of racing time on turf and dirt tracks and the influence of sex, age, and weight carried on racing time.

Abstract: Data collected by the Japan Racing Association (JRA) were individual horse racing times at eight racecourses (Hakodate, Fukushima, Niigata, Tokyo, Nakayama, Chukyo, Kyoto and Hanshin) and at five distances (1000 m, 1200 m, 1400 m, 1600 m, and 1800 m) from 1982 to 1990. Important sources of variation in racing time were examined using a nested model and expressing the variance components as percentages of the total on both turf and dirt. At all racecourses and at all distances where races were on both turf and dirt, racing times were less on turf than dirt. Differences were from 2.09s to 3.91s that increased as distance increased except for 1000 m and 1200 m on dirt where the starting gate are at different locations. The total variance increased with distance on both turf and dirt and at each distance the total variance was larger on dirt than turf, except for 1000 m, as was the residual variance. Racecourse accounted for a small fraction of the variance. Years within racecourses were unimportant. Months within years and courses were important. Months accounted for an average of 12.7% of the total variance on turf and 8.8% on dirt indicating an effect of season that influences racing speed more on turf than dirt. Days within months, years, and courses were important and larger on turf (average was 8.6%) than dirt (average 2.4%). Races within days, months, years, and racecourses accounted for an average of 33.2% on turf and 40.2% on dirt. Clearly races accounted for the largest percentage of the total variance. Racecourse and years within course accounted for less variance than that found in American Quarter horse data, but months, days and races accounted for similar variances. Results suggest that racing speed on turf was more influenced by month and day than speed on dirt in data on Japanese Thoroughbreds. Clearly individual race is the logical contemporary group within which to make genetic predictions among horses. Five distance on turf and dirt were studied to ascertain the importance of sex, age, and sex by age effects and the influence of weight carried on racing times. Individual races having at least to sexes and two ages within each sex were used as incomplete blocks to study the effects. Races were important at all distances on both turf and dirt. The interaction between sex and age was unimportant. The effect of sex and/or age was significant except at 1800 m and 2000 m on turf. Mares were faster than stallions on turf at all distances, but on dirt stallions were faster than mares except at 1200 m. In general, 5 year olds were faster than 3 and 4 year olds except at 1600 m on turf. The partial regression of racing times on weight carried were significant at all distances on turf and dirt. The effects of sex and age were significant statistically and weight carried appears to be important at the distances run in Thoroughbred races. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Genetik der Rennleistung beim Japanischen Vollblut: II. Umweltbedingte Variation der Rennzeit auf Rasen- und Sandbahnen und Einfluß von Geschlecht, Alter und getragenem Gezvicht auf die Rennzeit Von 1982 bis 1990 wurden von der "Japan Racing Association" (JRA) auf acht Pferderennbahnen (Hakodate, Fukushima, Niigata, Tokyo, Nakayama, Chukyo, Kyoto und Hanshin) Daten über fünf Renndistanzen (1000, 1200, 1400, 1600 und 1800 m) gesammelt. Die wichtigen Ursachen für die Variation der Rennzeit wurden mit Hilfe eines "Verschachtelungsmodells" untersucht, wobei die Varianzkomponenten als Prozentsätze des Gesamtwerts sowohl auf Rasen- als auch auf Sandbahnen ausgedrückt wurden. Auf alien Pferderennbahnen und über alle Distanzen sowohl auf Rasen- als auch Sandkursen zeigte sich, daß die Rennzeiten auf Rasen kürzer als auf Sand waren. Die Untcrschiede betrugen zwiscnen 2,09 bis 3,91 Sekunden und wuchsen mit der Distanz außer bei 1000 und 1200 m auf Sand, wo sich die Starttore an verschiedenen Stellen befinden. Die Gesamtvarianz stieg mit der Distanz, und bei alien Distanzen außer 1000 m waren die Gesamt- und die Restvarianz jeweils größer auf Sand als auf Rasen. Ein geringer Bruchteil der Varianz war auf die Pferderennbahnen zurückzuführen. Jahre bezogen auf die Pferderennbahnen spielten kcine Rolle. Dagegen waren die Monate bezogen auf Jahre und Pferderennbahnen von Bedeutung. Den Monaten sind auf Rasen ein Durchschnitt von 12,7% der Varianz zuzuschreiben und auf Sand 8,8%, was auf einen jahreszeitlichen Effekt hinweist, der die Renngeschwindigkeit auf Rasen in stärkerem Maße beeinflußt als auf Sand. Tagesbedingte Varianz bezogen auf Monate, Jahre und Pferderennbahnen war signifikant und größer auf Rasen (durch-schnittlich 8,6%) als auf Sand (durchschnittlich 2,4%). Rennen bezogen auf Tage, Monate, Jahre und Pferderennbahnen verursachten 33,2% der Varianz auf Rasen und 40,2% auf Sand. Den Rennen konnte deutlich der größte Prozentsatz an der Gesamtvarianz zugeschrieben werden. Pferderennbahn und Jahre/Pferderennbahn führten zu geringerer Varianz als bei "American Quarter Horse", wobei jedoch Monate, Tage und Rennen ähnliche Varianzen verursachten. Diese Ergebnisse legen die Vermutung nahe, daß Renngeschwindigkeit auf Rasen bei japanischen Vollblütern stärker durch Monat und Tag beeinflußt wurde als auf Sand. Also ist für genetische Voraussagen das Einzelrennen die logische Kategorie. Durch die Untersuchung von fünf Distanzen auf Rasen und Sand wurde die Bedeutung von Geschlecht und Alter sowie Geschlecht nach Alter und der Einfluß des zu tragenden Gewichts auf die Rennzeiten festgestellt. Einzelne Rennen mit wenigstens zwei Geschlechtern und zwei Altersgruppen für jedes Geschlecht wurden als unvollständige Blöckc zur Untersuchung herangezogen. Rennen waren über alle Distanzen sowohl auf Rasen als auch auf Sand signifikant. Die Wechselbeziehung zwischen Geschlecht und Alter war signifikant außer bei 1800 m und 2000 m auf Rasen. Stuten waren schneller als Hengste auf Rasen über alle Distanzen, dagegen auf Sand Hengste schneller außer über 1200 m. Im allgemeinen waren die Fünfjährigen schneller als die Drei- und Vierjährigen außer über 1600 auf Rasen. Die partielle Regression der Rennzeiten auf das getragene Gewicht war signifikant bei alien Distanzen. Die Effekte von Geschlecht und Alter waren statistisch signifikant und das getragene Gewicht für Distanzen, über die Vollblüterrennen ausgetragen werden.
Publication Date: 1994-01-12 PubMed ID: 21395760DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1994.tb00446.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

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This research investigates the factors affecting the racing performance of Japanese Thoroughbred horses, focusing on the impact of track conditions (turf or dirt), the horses’ sex, age, and weight carried during racing. The study is based on data from eight racecourses across Japan and covering five race distances, collected between 1982 and 1990.

Methodology and Data Source

  • The researchers utilized data provided by the Japan Racing Association (JRA), who recorded individual horse racing times from eight different racecourses and five race distances (1000m, 1200m, 1400m, 1600m, and 1800m). This data was gathered over a period of eight years, from 1982 to 1990.
  • The study examined the impact of various factors on race time variation using a nested model and calculating variance components as percentages of the total for both turf and dirt tracks.

Variance Influencers

  • The results showed that race times were consistently shorter on turf tracks compared to dirt tracks across all racecourses and distances studied.
  • Total variance, which increased with race distance, was typically larger on dirt tracks, except at the 1000m distance. The residual variance followed a similar pattern.
  • The particular racecourse contributed a minor part to the total variance, while the years within racecourses were not significant.
  • Months within years and courses accounted for an average of 12.7% of total variance on turf tracks and 8.8% on dirt tracks. This suggests that seasonality impacts racing speed more noticeably on turf than on dirt.
  • Day-to-day variables within months, years, and courses were significant and higher on turf tracks, highlighting the potential influence of daily environmental conditions.

The Role of Individual Races, Sex, and Age

  • The individual races accounted for the largest percentage of the total variance, at 33.2% on turf tracks and 40.2% on dirt tracks.
  • The interaction between a horse’s sex and age did not significantly contribute to the observed variances.
  • A horse’s sex and/or age was significant except at 1800m and 2000m on turf, with mares generally being faster than stallions on turf tracks across all distances. On dirt tracks, stallions were faster except at the 1200m distance.
  • In terms of age, 5-year-old horses were typically faster than 3 and 4-year-olds, except at the 1600m distance on turf tracks.

Weight Carried During Racing

  • The study also found that the weight a horse carried during a race was significant at all distances on both turf and dirt tracks, suggesting that this is a key factor influencing racing times.

The research thus provides valuable insight into the multiple factors that influence the racing performances of Japanese Thoroughbred horses. Framing the individual horse race as the logical group for making genetic predictions among horses could refine the approach to horse breeding and training for optimal performance.

Cite This Article

APA
Oki H, Sasaki Y, Willham RL. (1994). Genetics of racing performance in the Japanese Thoroughbred horse:: II. Environmental variation of racing time on turf and dirt tracks and the influence of sex, age, and weight carried on racing time. J Anim Breed Genet, 111(1-6), 128-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1994.tb00446.x

Publication

ISSN: 0931-2668
NlmUniqueID: 100955807
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 111
Issue: 1-6
Pages: 128-137

Researcher Affiliations

Oki, H
  • Department of Animal Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
Sasaki, Y
    Willham, R L

      Citations

      This article has been cited 5 times.
      1. Schrurs C, Dubois G, Van Erck-Westergren E, Gardner DS. Does sex of the jockey influence racehorse physiology and performance.. PLoS One 2022;17(8):e0273310.
        doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273310pubmed: 36044425google scholar: lookup
      2. Lee J, Shin D, Kim H. National genomic evaluation of Korean thoroughbreds through indirect racing phenotype.. Anim Biosci 2022 May;35(5):659-669.
        doi: 10.5713/ab.21.0409pubmed: 35073661google scholar: lookup
      3. Cervantes I, Gutiérrez JP, García-Ballesteros S, Varona L. Combining Threshold, Thurstonian and Classical Linear Models in Horse Genetic Evaluations for Endurance Competitions.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Jun 22;10(6).
        doi: 10.3390/ani10061075pubmed: 32580415google scholar: lookup
      4. Takahashi T. The effect of age on the racing speed of Thoroughbred racehorses.. J Equine Sci 2015;26(2):43-8.
        doi: 10.1294/jes.26.43pubmed: 26170760google scholar: lookup
      5. Shin DH, Lee JW, Park JE, Choi IY, Oh HS, Kim HJ, Kim H. Multiple Genes Related to Muscle Identified through a Joint Analysis of a Two-stage Genome-wide Association Study for Racing Performance of 1,156 Thoroughbreds.. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015 Jun;28(6):771-81.
        doi: 10.5713/ajas.14.0008pubmed: 25925054google scholar: lookup