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Journal of virology2011; 85(11); 5312-5322; doi: 10.1128/JVI.02619-10

Genome-scale evolution and phylodynamics of equine H3N8 influenza A virus.

Abstract: Equine influenza viruses (EIVs) of the H3N8 and H7N7 subtypes are the causative agents of an important disease of horses. While EIV H7N7 apparently is extinct, H3N8 viruses have circulated for more than 50 years. Like human influenza viruses, EIV H3N8 caused a transcontinental pandemic followed by further outbreaks and epidemics, even in populations with high vaccination coverage. Recently, EIV H3N8 jumped the species barrier to infect dogs. Despite its importance as an agent of infectious disease, the mechanisms that underpin the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of EIV are poorly understood, particularly at a genomic scale. To determine the evolutionary history and phylodynamics of EIV H3N8, we conducted an extensive analysis of 82 complete viral genomes sampled during a 45-year span. We show that both intra- and intersubtype reassortment have played a major role in the evolution of EIV, and we suggest that intrasubtype reassortment resulted in enhanced virulence while heterosubtypic reassortment contributed to the extinction of EIV H7N7. We also show that EIV evolves at a slower rate than other influenza viruses, even though it seems to be subject to similar immune selection pressures. However, a relatively high rate of amino acid replacement is observed in the polymerase acidic (PA) segment, with some evidence for adaptive evolution. Most notably, an analysis of viral population dynamics provided evidence for a major population bottleneck of EIV H3N8 during the 1980s, which we suggest resulted from changes in herd immunity due to an increase in vaccination coverage.
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Publication Date: 2011-03-23 PubMed ID: 21430049PubMed Central: PMC3094979DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02619-10Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper studies the evolutionary history and phylodynamic trends of Equine influenza viruses (EIVs) of the H3N8 subtype through extensive analysis of 82 complete viral genomes over a span of 45 years. The findings indicate a major role of intra- and intersubtype reassortment in this virus’s evolution, with some evidence of adaptive evolution in the polymerase acidic (PA) segment.

Understanding the Evolution of Equine Influenza Viruses

  • The research provides new insights into the mechanisms driving the evolution and epidemiological dynamics of Equine Influenza Virus (EIV) H3N8, which has been circulating in horse populations for over 50 years.
  • To comprehend these dynamics, the researchers analyzed 82 complete EIV H3N8 genomes, gathered over a period of 45 years. The genomics-scale analysis helped establish an understanding of the evolutionary history and phylodynamics of this subtype of virus.

Role of Reassortment in EIV Evolution

  • The study found that both intra- and intersubtype reassortment played a critical role in the evolution of EIV H3N8.
  • Intrasubtype reassortment may have resulted in increased virulence, or ability to cause disease, while heterosubtypic reassortment could have contributed to the extinction of another subtype, EIV H7N7.

Rate of Evolution and Adaptive Traits

  • Interestingly, the research showed that EIV H3N8 evolves at a slower pace compared to other influenza viruses, despite similar exposure to immune selection pressures.
  • A relatively high rate of amino acid replacement was noted in the Polymerase Acidic (PA) segment of the virus, suggesting some degree of adaptive evolution.

Changes in Viral Population Dynamics

  • The analysis of the viral population dynamics presented evidence of a significant population bottleneck for the EIV H3N8 during the 1980s.
  • The researchers suggest that the bottleneck might have been a result of changes in herd immunity brought about by increased vaccination coverage during that period.

Cite This Article

APA
Murcia PR, Wood JL, Holmes EC. (2011). Genome-scale evolution and phylodynamics of equine H3N8 influenza A virus. J Virol, 85(11), 5312-5322. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02619-10

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 1098-5514
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 85
Issue: 11
Pages: 5312-5322

Researcher Affiliations

Murcia, Pablo R
  • Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK. prm42@cam.ac.uk
Wood, James L N
    Holmes, Edward C

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Dog Diseases / virology
      • Dogs
      • Evolution, Molecular
      • Genome, Viral
      • Horse Diseases / virology
      • Horses
      • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / genetics
      • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / isolation & purification
      • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / pathogenicity
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
      • Reassortant Viruses / genetics
      • Reassortant Viruses / isolation & purification
      • Sequence Analysis, DNA
      • Virulence

      Grant Funding

      • Wellcome Trust
      • R01 GM080533 / NIGMS NIH HHS

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