Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids.
Abstract: The equid family contains only one single extant genus, , including seven living species grouped into horses on the one hand and zebras and asses on the other. In contrast, the equine fossil record shows that an extraordinarily richer diversity existed in the past and provides multiple examples of a highly dynamic evolution punctuated by several waves of explosive radiations and extinctions, cross-continental migrations, and local adaptations. In recent years, genomic technologies have provided new analytical solutions that have enhanced our understanding of equine evolution, including the species radiation within ; the extinction dynamics of several lineages; and the domestication history of two individual species, the horse and the donkey. Here, we provide an overview of these recent developments and suggest areas for further research.
Publication Date: 2020-11-16 PubMed ID: 33197207DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023118Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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The research article explores the evolutionary history of the equid family, specifically horses, zebras, and asses, by leveraging genomic technologies. While currently there is much less diversity in the animal group, the fossil record indicates a rich past filled with evolutionary radiations, extinctions, migrations, and local adaptations. Genomic data has improved understanding of several aspects of equine evolution, including species radiation, extinction dynamics, and the domestication history of horses and donkeys.
Genomic Technologies to Understand Equid Evolution
- The paper reflects on how recent advances in genomic technologies have enhanced our understanding of equine evolution. Scientists have effectively employed tools such as DNA sequencing and comparative genomics to trace the origins, adaptations and extinction events in the evolutionary history of the equine family.
- Genomics offers a robust method to investigate inherited traits, genetic variation, and patterns of genetic change over time, which all contribute to our understanding of evolution. In this context, these technologies have illuminated the rich and complex history of equids, providing insights into the past that would otherwise be impossible through living specimens alone.
The Rich History of Equidae
- Discussing the fossil record, the research states that it reveals a much richer diversity among equids in the past compared to today’s single extant genus and its seven species. This is an indication that there have been significant extinction events in the equid lineage through geological time.
- The fossil record also provides evidence of rapid periods of species diversification (radiations), migration events, and local adaptations in different environments throughout history. This speaks to the versatile and dynamic nature of equid evolution.
Insights into Specific Areas of Equid Evolution
- One close focus involves the phenomenon of species radiation within the equid family. Genomics has helped explain this process by delineating more about how equids might have diversified so rapidly into different species in their evolutionary history.
- Further investigation into this aspect could lead to more detailed information about how speciation events in general might occur and what influences them. Another highlight of the research is the extinction dynamics of different lineages in the past, shedding light on environmental and genetic factors that may have led to the downfall of certain species.
- Lastly, the paper shines a light on the domestication history of horses and donkeys, two extant species of the equid family. Genomic data allows researchers to trace the origins of domestication in these species and understand how they evolved under human influence.
Areas for Future Research
- The authors conclude by suggesting that there is still much to learn about equid evolution. Future research in the area could potentially focus on identifying the specific genetic changes responsible for equid adaptations, understanding the relationships between extinct and extant species, and examining the genetic influence of human activity on a species’ course of evolution.
Cite This Article
APA
Librado P, Orlando L.
(2020).
Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids.
Annu Rev Anim Biosci, 9, 81-101.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023118 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31000, France; email: plibradosanz@gmail.com.
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31000, France; email: plibradosanz@gmail.com.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Biological Evolution
- Domestication
- Equidae / classification
- Equidae / genetics
- Extinction, Biological
- Genetic Speciation
- Genomics
Citations
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