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Home / Equine Research Bank / Microorganisms / High-Altitude Extreme Environments Drive Convergent Evolutio...
Microorganisms2025; 14(1); 57; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms14010057

High-Altitude Extreme Environments Drive Convergent Evolution of Skin Microbiota in Humans and Horses.

Abstract: Unique skin microbial communities have been shaped by the harsh climatic conditions in high-altitude areas, such as intense ultraviolet radiation and low oxygen concentration. However, it is unknown whether high altitude contributes to shaping common microbiota inhabiting the skin across different mammals. The skin microbial communities of humans and horses living in high-altitude (Tibetan) and low-altitude areas were analyzed using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing technology. Alpha diversity differed between high- and low-altitude groups ( < 0.01). Skin microbial community composition also differed between high- and low-altitude areas ( < 0.05). Some of the common taxa present in the skin of humans and horses in high-altitude areas were identified as extreme microorganisms capable of adapting to the harsh high-altitude environment. Five bacterial taxa, including the genera , , and , as well as the species and , were significantly enriched ( < 0.01) on the skin of both humans and horses in high-altitude areas. Meanwhile, some taxa enriched on the skin surface at the same altitude showed preferences for mammalian species. , , and were significantly enriched ( < 0.05) in the skin of humans at both high and low altitudes, whereas and , and were significantly enriched ( < 0.05) in the skin of horses at both high and low altitudes. In the network analyses, a positive correlation ( < 0.01) was shown between the skin taxa enriched in high-altitude areas and each other, while a negative correlation ( < 0.01) was found between the skin microorganisms enriched in high-altitude areas and those enriched in low-altitude areas. Overall, our findings indicate that high-altitude extreme environments drive convergent evolution of skin microbiota across mammals, reflecting the joint effects of environmental selection and host-related filtering on community assembly. This cross-species comparison provides a framework for understanding skin microbiome responses to extreme environments in plateau mammals.
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Publication Date: 2025-12-26 PubMed ID: 41597577PubMed Central: PMC12843950DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms14010057Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigates how the extreme environmental conditions at high altitudes influence the skin microbiota of humans and horses.
  • It identifies common microbial communities on the skin of both species that have evolved convergently to survive harsh conditions like intense UV radiation and low oxygen, indicating similar environmental pressures shape skin microbiomes across different mammals.

Background and Purpose

  • High-altitude environments present unique challenges such as intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation, low oxygen levels, and extreme climatic variations.
  • Previous knowledge shows skin microbiota diversity can be influenced by environmental factors, but it is unclear whether such extreme environments drive similar microbial adaptations across different mammalian species.
  • The study aims to analyze and compare the skin microbiota of humans and horses living at high altitudes (Tibetan Plateau) versus low altitudes, to reveal whether convergent evolution of skin microbiota occurs due to these environments.

Methods

  • Sample collection from the skin of humans and horses living in both high-altitude (Tibet) and low-altitude regions.
  • Use of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology, which allows detailed identification and quantification of bacterial species on the skin.
  • Analysis of alpha diversity (variation within samples) and community composition differences between groups.
  • Statistical evaluation of the abundance of bacterial taxa enriched in different altitude groups and between species.
  • Network analyses to investigate relationships and interactions among bacterial taxa enriched in different environments and species.

Key Findings

  • Diversity Differences: Alpha diversity significantly differed between high- and low-altitude groups, indicating that microbial richness or evenness changes with altitude (<0.01 significance).
  • Community Composition: The overall skin microbial community composition also significantly differed between altitudes (<0.05 significance), suggesting altitude shapes which microbes dominate.
  • Common High-Altitude Microbes: Identification of several bacterial taxa enriched on both humans and horses at high altitudes, including genera and species known to be extremophiles capable of surviving harsh UV, low oxygen, and other stressors.
  • Specific Taxa Enriched in Both Species: Five bacterial taxa including certain genera and species were significantly more abundant on the skin of both humans and horses living at high altitudes (p < 0.01).
  • Host-Specific Preferences: Despite convergence driven by environmental factors, some taxa showed preferences for a particular host species regardless of altitude:
    • Humans had enrichment of specific genera regardless of altitude.
    • Horses had other specific taxa enriched on their skin at both altitudes.
  • Microbial Network Correlations:
    • Positive correlations among high-altitude enriched taxa indicate these bacteria may interact synergistically or share adaptation strategies.
    • Negative correlations between high-altitude and low-altitude enriched taxa suggest competitive or mutually exclusive relationships influenced by the environment.

Conclusions

  • The harsh, extreme environment at high altitudes acts as a strong selective force that drives convergent evolution of the skin microbiota across different mammalian species.
  • Both environmental pressures (like UV radiation, oxygen levels) and host-related biological filtering shape which microbial communities assemble on the skin in these regions.
  • The findings reveal that despite differences in host species, environmental extremes can lead to similar microbial adaptations, reflecting a broader ecological principle of convergence.
  • This cross-species approach improves understanding of how skin microbiomes respond and adapt to extreme environments, particularly in plateau mammals.

Implications and Future Directions

  • This study suggests potential for identifying microbial species with unique adaptations that could be harnessed for biotechnological or medical purposes, such as UV protection or oxygen stress mitigation.
  • Understanding microbial convergence may help in managing skin health in humans and animals living at high altitudes.
  • Future research could explore functional genomics of these extremophile skin microbes to detail the mechanisms of adaptation.
  • Comparative studies including more mammalian species or other high-altitude regions could generalize these findings further.

Cite This Article

APA
Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zhao Z, Peng Y, Deng F, Jiang H, Zhang M, Song B, Kim JK, Pan JH, Chai J, Li Y. (2025). High-Altitude Extreme Environments Drive Convergent Evolution of Skin Microbiota in Humans and Horses. Microorganisms, 14(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010057

Publication

Microorganisms
ISSN: 2076-2607
NlmUniqueID: 101625893
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
PII: 57

Researcher Affiliations

Zhang, Yuwei
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
Zhang, Manyu
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
Zhao, Zhengge
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
Peng, Yunjuan
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
Deng, Feilong
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
Jiang, Hui
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
Zhang, Meimei
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
Song, Bo
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
Kim, Jae Kyeom
  • Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 339770, Republic of Korea.
Pan, Jeong Hoon
  • Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
Chai, Jianmin
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
Li, Ying
  • Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.

Grant Funding

  • 32170430 / the National Natural Science Foundation of China

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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