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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Immunol / IL-22 is expressed by the invasive trophoblast of the equine...
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2012; 188(9); 4181-4187; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103509

IL-22 is expressed by the invasive trophoblast of the equine (Equus caballus) chorionic girdle.

Abstract: The invasive trophoblast cells of the equine placenta migrate into the endometrium to form endometrial cups, dense accumulations of trophoblast cells that produce equine chorionic gonadotropin between days 40 and 120 of normal pregnancy. The mechanisms by which the trophoblast cells invade the endometrium while evading maternal immune destruction are poorly defined. A gene expression microarray analysis performed on placental tissues obtained at day 34 of gestation revealed a >900-fold upregulation of mRNA encoding the cytokine IL-22 in chorionic girdle relative to noninvasive chorion. Quantitative RT-PCR assays were used to verify high expression of IL-22 in chorionic girdle. Additional quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed a striking increase in IL-22 mRNA expression in chorionic girdle from days 32 to 35 and an absence of IL-22 expression in other conceptus tissues. Bioinformatic analysis and cDNA sequencing confirmed the predicted length of horse IL-22, which carries a 3' extension absent in IL-22 genes of humans and mice, but present in the cow and pig. Our discovery of IL-22 in the chorionic girdle is a novel finding, as this cytokine has been previously reported in immune cells only. IL-22 has immunoregulatory functions, with primary action on epithelial cells. mRNA of IL-22R1 was detected in pregnant endometrium at levels similar to other equine epithelia. Based upon these findings, we hypothesize that IL-22 cytokine produced by the chorionic girdle binds IL-22R1 on endometrium, serving as a mechanism of fetal-maternal communication by modulating endometrial responses to trophoblast invasion.
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Publication Date: 2012-04-04 PubMed ID: 22490443PubMed Central: PMC3746837DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103509Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examines the function of a cytokine, IL-22, produced by the invasive trophoblast of the equine chorionic girdle. The researchers propose that IL-22 may modulate the maternal endometrial responses to the invading trophoblast cells, thereby serving as a means of fetal-maternal communication during pregnancy.

Discovery of IL-22 in the Chorionic Girdle

  • The study began by assessing gene expression in the placental tissues of horses at day 34 of gestation. The researchers identified a striking increase in the level of mRNA encoding the cytokine IL-22 in the chorionic girdle (a densely packed layer of cells at the boundary of the placenta) compared to noninvasive areas of the chorion (the outermost layer of the fetal membrane).
  • This detection of IL-22 in the chorionic girdle was unprecedented; previously, this cytokine was only known to be expressed in immune cells.
  • The research conducted further quantitative RT-PCR assays, confirming high expression of IL-22 in the chorionic girdle. Additionally, the study revealed that IL-22 expression was significantly elevated from days 32 to 35 of gestation. IL-22 expression was not found in other conceptus (embryonic) tissues.

Structural Analysis of Equine IL-22

  • Through bioinformatics analysis and cDNA sequencing, the research confirmed that the structure of horse IL-22 included a unique 3′ extension. This additional portion was absent in human and mouse IL-22 genes, but was present in the cow and pig counterparts, suggesting a potential evolutionary link between these species.

Role of IL-22 in Maternal-Fetal Communication

  • The study also detected mRNA of IL-22R1 (the corresponding receptor of IL-22) in the pregnant endometrium, suggesting that IL-22 might be interacting with this receptor.
  • Considering the known immunoregulatory functions of IL-22, primarily acting on epithelial cells, the researchers hypothesized that the cytokine IL-22 produced by the chorionic girdle might bind to IL-22R1 on the endometrium. This interaction could serve as a mechanism of communication between the fetus and the mother, potentially modulating the endometrial responses to the invasion of trophoblast cells.

Cite This Article

APA
Brosnahan MM, Miller DC, Adams M, Antczak DF. (2012). IL-22 is expressed by the invasive trophoblast of the equine (Equus caballus) chorionic girdle. J Immunol, 188(9), 4181-4187. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1103509

Publication

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
ISSN: 1550-6606
NlmUniqueID: 2985117R
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 188
Issue: 9
Pages: 4181-4187

Researcher Affiliations

Brosnahan, Margaret M
  • Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Miller, Donald C
    Adams, Mackenzie
      Antczak, Douglas F

        MeSH Terms

        • Animals
        • Cattle
        • Chorion / cytology
        • Chorion / immunology
        • Chorion / metabolism
        • Endometrium / cytology
        • Endometrium / immunology
        • Endometrium / metabolism
        • Female
        • Gene Expression Regulation / physiology
        • Horses / immunology
        • Horses / metabolism
        • Humans
        • Interleukins / biosynthesis
        • Interleukins / immunology
        • Maternal-Fetal Exchange / physiology
        • Mice
        • Pregnancy / immunology
        • Pregnancy / metabolism
        • Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
        • Swine
        • Trophoblasts / cytology
        • Trophoblasts / immunology
        • Trophoblasts / metabolism
        • Up-Regulation / immunology

        Grant Funding

        • T32 RR007059 / NCRR NIH HHS
        • T32-RR007059 / NCRR NIH HHS
        • K08-HD065914 / NICHD NIH HHS
        • R01 HD049545 / NICHD NIH HHS
        • K08 HD065914 / NICHD NIH HHS
        • R01-HD049545 / NICHD NIH HHS

        Conflict of Interest Statement

        . The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

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