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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Anim Sci / Implications of placentation type on species-specific colost...
Journal of animal science2022; 100(12); skac287; doi: 10.1093/jas/skac287

Implications of placentation type on species-specific colostrum properties in mammals.

Abstract: Maternal care is essential to optimally support survival of the offspring. During evolution of mammalian species, different phenotypes have evolved in relation to gestation length, number, size, and maturation stage of the offspring at parturition, as well as colostrum and milk composition. The aim of the present review is to describe relationships between placental function and colostrum and milk composition in different mammalian species. Species covered in this article include humans, rabbits, rodents (rat and mouse), carnivores (cats and dogs), and a variety of ungulate species (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses). Species-specific aspects are elucidated with a special focus on the transfer of passive immunity. In this regard, the structure and thus the capability of the placenta to transport immunoglobulins from maternal to fetal circulation in utero dictates the necessity of the passive transfer of immunity via colostrum. Consequently, species with exclusive postpartal transfer of immunity such as in all ungulate species have greater immunoglobulin G concentrations in colostrum than species with a prepartal transfer in utero, where especially immunoglobulin A with its local immune function in the gastrointestinal tract is present in colostrum (e.g., rabbit and human). In terms of the nutritional purpose, suckling frequency is an important factor determining the gross composition of colostrum as well as in the mature milk of these species. Milk of nidicolous animals with long intervals in-between suckling events contains more fat than milk of nidifugous animals with constant access to their mother. However, the importance of colostrum and milk consumption for newborn animals and human babies goes beyond nutrition and the transfer of immunity. Numerous bioactive components such as growth factors, hormones, and oligosaccharides are enriched in colostrum and transition milk, which support the development of the intestinal tract and local immune system. During evolution of mammalians, intrinsic strategies and components of maternal care during the transition from pregnancy to lactation have evolved into a broad variety in gestation length, number, size, and maturation stage of the offspring at parturition, and colostrum and milk composition. The original purpose of immuno-protective glandular secretions is still conserved in many mammalian species, where colostrum, that is, the very first milk obtained after parturition, contains the greatest amounts of immunoglobulins, leukocytes, lysozyme, lactoferrin, oligosaccharides, etc. Apart from its nutritive function, bioactive components in colostrum and milk support the development of gastrointestinal structures and intestinal microflora. Depending on the placentation type and intrauterine transfer of immunoglobulins, the survival of the neonate depends more or less on the passive transfer of immunoglobulins via colostrum. The aim of the present review is to describe relationships between placenta function and colostrum (and milk, respectively) composition in different mammalian species. Special attention is paid to the transfer of passive immunity from the dam to the offspring.
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Publication Date: 2022-09-02 PubMed ID: 36048628PubMed Central: PMC9713508DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac287Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research article explores the relationships between the function of the placenta and the composition of colostrum and milk in various mammal species, with a special focus on how immunity is passively transferred from the mother to the offspring.

Overview of the Research

  • This review article seeks to understand the connections between placental function and the composition of colostrum and milk in a range of mammalian species, including humans, rabbits, rats, mice, cats, dogs, and various ungulate species like cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses.
  • Looking specifically at the passive transfer of immunity, the researchers examine how the structure and capabilities of the placenta in transporting immunoglobulins from the mother’s to the fetus’s circulation in utero determines the necessity of passive immunity transfer through colostrum.

Transfer of Passive Immunity

  • The species that only transfer immunity postpartum, such as all ungulate species, have higher concentrations of immunoglobulin G in their colostrum compared to species that transfer immunity prepartum in utero. Especially in the latter, immunoglobulin A, which supports local immunity in the gastrointestinal tract, is present in the colostrum.

Nutritional Purpose and Factors

  • The suckling frequency plays a crucial role in determining the gross composition of colostrum and mature milk.
  • The milk of animals that nest and have long intervals between suckling have higher fat content than the milk of animals that have constant access to their mothers.
  • However, colostrum and milk consumption for newborns serves more than just nutritional purposes and the transfer of immunity, as they contain several bioactive components that aid in the development of the intestinal tract and local immune system.

Evolution of Maternal Care

  • Throughout the evolution of mammals, several strategies and components have evolved in maternal care during the transition from pregnancy to lactation, including gestation length, the number, size, and maturation stage of offspring at childbirth, and the composition of colostrum and milk.
  • The original intent of glandular secretions, which provide immunity protection is preserved in many mammalian species. It has been found that colostrum, the very first milk produced after childbirth, has the highest quantities of immunoglobulins, leukocytes, lysozyme, lactoferrin, oligosaccharides, etc.
  • Other than nutritional purposes, the bioactive components in colostrum and milk help develop gastrointestinal structures and intestinal microflora.
  • Depending on the type of placentation and intrauterine transfer of immunoglobulins, the survival of the newborn can heavily rely on the passive transfer of immunoglobulins via colostrum.

Objective of the Review

  • The overall aim of this review is to identify and analyze correlations between the function of the placenta and the composition of colostrum and milk in different mammalian species, with a particular emphasis on the process of passive immunity transfer from the mother to the offspring.

Cite This Article

APA
Bigler NA, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ. (2022). Implications of placentation type on species-specific colostrum properties in mammals. J Anim Sci, 100(12), skac287. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac287

Publication

Journal of animal science
ISSN: 1525-3163
NlmUniqueID: 8003002
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 100
Issue: 12
PII: skac287

Researcher Affiliations

Bigler, Naomi A
  • Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Bruckmaier, Rupert M
  • Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Gross, Josef J
  • Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

MeSH Terms

  • Female
  • Cattle
  • Swine
  • Pregnancy
  • Animals
  • Sheep
  • Cats
  • Dogs
  • Humans
  • Rabbits
  • Horses
  • Rats
  • Mice
  • Colostrum / metabolism
  • Placentation
  • Placenta / metabolism
  • Milk / metabolism
  • Animals, Newborn
  • Immunoglobulin G / analysis
  • Goats / metabolism

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Citations

This article has been cited 6 times.
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