FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of animal science2022; 100(12); skac287; doi: 10.1093/jas/skac287

Implications of placentation type on species-specific colostrum properties in mammals.

Abstract: Maternal care is essential to optimally support survival of the offspring. During evolution of mammalian species, different phenotypes have evolved in relation to gestation length, number, size, and maturation stage of the offspring at parturition, as well as colostrum and milk composition. The aim of the present review is to describe relationships between placental function and colostrum and milk composition in different mammalian species. Species covered in this article include humans, rabbits, rodents (rat and mouse), carnivores (cats and dogs), and a variety of ungulate species (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses). Species-specific aspects are elucidated with a special focus on the transfer of passive immunity. In this regard, the structure and thus the capability of the placenta to transport immunoglobulins from maternal to fetal circulation in utero dictates the necessity of the passive transfer of immunity via colostrum. Consequently, species with exclusive postpartal transfer of immunity such as in all ungulate species have greater immunoglobulin G concentrations in colostrum than species with a prepartal transfer in utero, where especially immunoglobulin A with its local immune function in the gastrointestinal tract is present in colostrum (e.g., rabbit and human). In terms of the nutritional purpose, suckling frequency is an important factor determining the gross composition of colostrum as well as in the mature milk of these species. Milk of nidicolous animals with long intervals in-between suckling events contains more fat than milk of nidifugous animals with constant access to their mother. However, the importance of colostrum and milk consumption for newborn animals and human babies goes beyond nutrition and the transfer of immunity. Numerous bioactive components such as growth factors, hormones, and oligosaccharides are enriched in colostrum and transition milk, which support the development of the intestinal tract and local immune system. During evolution of mammalians, intrinsic strategies and components of maternal care during the transition from pregnancy to lactation have evolved into a broad variety in gestation length, number, size, and maturation stage of the offspring at parturition, and colostrum and milk composition. The original purpose of immuno-protective glandular secretions is still conserved in many mammalian species, where colostrum, that is, the very first milk obtained after parturition, contains the greatest amounts of immunoglobulins, leukocytes, lysozyme, lactoferrin, oligosaccharides, etc. Apart from its nutritive function, bioactive components in colostrum and milk support the development of gastrointestinal structures and intestinal microflora. Depending on the placentation type and intrauterine transfer of immunoglobulins, the survival of the neonate depends more or less on the passive transfer of immunoglobulins via colostrum. The aim of the present review is to describe relationships between placenta function and colostrum (and milk, respectively) composition in different mammalian species. Special attention is paid to the transfer of passive immunity from the dam to the offspring.
© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-09-02 PubMed ID: 36048628PubMed Central: PMC9713508DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac287Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Review
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article explores the relationships between the function of the placenta and the composition of colostrum and milk in various mammal species, with a special focus on how immunity is passively transferred from the mother to the offspring.

Overview of the Research

  • This review article seeks to understand the connections between placental function and the composition of colostrum and milk in a range of mammalian species, including humans, rabbits, rats, mice, cats, dogs, and various ungulate species like cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses.
  • Looking specifically at the passive transfer of immunity, the researchers examine how the structure and capabilities of the placenta in transporting immunoglobulins from the mother’s to the fetus’s circulation in utero determines the necessity of passive immunity transfer through colostrum.

Transfer of Passive Immunity

  • The species that only transfer immunity postpartum, such as all ungulate species, have higher concentrations of immunoglobulin G in their colostrum compared to species that transfer immunity prepartum in utero. Especially in the latter, immunoglobulin A, which supports local immunity in the gastrointestinal tract, is present in the colostrum.

Nutritional Purpose and Factors

  • The suckling frequency plays a crucial role in determining the gross composition of colostrum and mature milk.
  • The milk of animals that nest and have long intervals between suckling have higher fat content than the milk of animals that have constant access to their mothers.
  • However, colostrum and milk consumption for newborns serves more than just nutritional purposes and the transfer of immunity, as they contain several bioactive components that aid in the development of the intestinal tract and local immune system.

Evolution of Maternal Care

  • Throughout the evolution of mammals, several strategies and components have evolved in maternal care during the transition from pregnancy to lactation, including gestation length, the number, size, and maturation stage of offspring at childbirth, and the composition of colostrum and milk.
  • The original intent of glandular secretions, which provide immunity protection is preserved in many mammalian species. It has been found that colostrum, the very first milk produced after childbirth, has the highest quantities of immunoglobulins, leukocytes, lysozyme, lactoferrin, oligosaccharides, etc.
  • Other than nutritional purposes, the bioactive components in colostrum and milk help develop gastrointestinal structures and intestinal microflora.
  • Depending on the type of placentation and intrauterine transfer of immunoglobulins, the survival of the newborn can heavily rely on the passive transfer of immunoglobulins via colostrum.

Objective of the Review

  • The overall aim of this review is to identify and analyze correlations between the function of the placenta and the composition of colostrum and milk in different mammalian species, with a particular emphasis on the process of passive immunity transfer from the mother to the offspring.

Cite This Article

APA
Bigler NA, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ. (2022). Implications of placentation type on species-specific colostrum properties in mammals. J Anim Sci, 100(12), skac287. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac287

Publication

Journal of animal science
ISSN: 1525-3163
NlmUniqueID: 8003002
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 100
Issue: 12
PII: skac287

Researcher Affiliations

Bigler, Naomi A
  • Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Bruckmaier, Rupert M
  • Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Gross, Josef J
  • Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

MeSH Terms

  • Female
  • Cattle
  • Swine
  • Pregnancy
  • Animals
  • Sheep
  • Cats
  • Dogs
  • Humans
  • Rabbits
  • Horses
  • Rats
  • Mice
  • Colostrum / metabolism
  • Placentation
  • Placenta / metabolism
  • Milk / metabolism
  • Animals, Newborn
  • Immunoglobulin G / analysis
  • Goats / metabolism

References

This article includes 114 references
  1. Akers RM. Lactation and the mammary gland. .
  2. Albrecht S, Lane JA, Mariño K, Al Busadah KA, Carrington SD, Hickey RM, Rudd PM. A comparative study of free oligosaccharides in the milk of domestic animals.. Br J Nutr 2014 Apr 14;111(7):1313-28.
    doi: 10.1017/S0007114513003772pubmed: 24635885google scholar: lookup
  3. Alekseev NP. Physiology of human female lactation. .
    doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-66364-3google scholar: lookup
  4. Anderson RR, Sadler KC, Knauer MW, Wippler JP, Marshall RT. Composition of cottontail rabbit milk from stomachs of young and directly from gland.. J Dairy Sci 1975 Oct;58(10):1449-52.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(75)84736-9pubmed: 1184805google scholar: lookup
  5. Barreto ÍMLG, Urbano SA, Oliveira CAA, Macêdo CS, Borba LHF, Chags BME, Rangel AHN. Chemical composition and lipid profile of mare colostrum and milk of the quarter horse breed.. PLoS One 2020;15(9):e0238921.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238921pmc: PMC7489553pubmed: 32925944google scholar: lookup
  6. Barrington GM, McFadden TB, Huyler MT, Besser TE. Regulation of colostrogenesis in cattle. Livest. Prod. Sci. 70:95–104.
    doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00201-9google scholar: lookup
  7. Baumrucker CR, Dechow CD, Macrina AL, Gross JJ, Bruckmaier RM. Mammary immunoglobulin transfer rates following prepartum milking.. J Dairy Sci 2016 Nov;99(11):9254-9262.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11370pubmed: 27568047google scholar: lookup
  8. Berg F, Gustafson U, Andersson L. The uncoupling protein 1 gene (UCP1) is disrupted in the pig lineage: a genetic explanation for poor thermoregulation in piglets.. PLoS Genet 2006 Aug 18;2(8):e129.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020129pmc: PMC1550502pubmed: 16933999google scholar: lookup
  9. Blättler U, Hammon HM, Morel C, Philipona C, Rauprich A, Romé V, Le Huërou-Luron I, Guilloteau P, Blum JW. Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves.. J Nutr 2001 Apr;131(4):1256-63.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/131.4.1256pubmed: 11285335google scholar: lookup
  10. Blum JW, Baumrucker CR. Colostral and milk insulin-like growth factors and related substances: mammary gland and neonatal (intestinal and systemic) targets.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2002 Jul;23(1-2):101-10.
    doi: 10.1016/s0739-7240(02)00149-2pubmed: 12142230google scholar: lookup
  11. Blum JW, Hammon H. Colostrum effects on the gastrointestinal tract, and on nutritional, endocrine and metabolic parameters in neonatal calves. Livest. Prod. Sci. 66:151–159.
    doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00222-0google scholar: lookup
  12. Bode L. Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama.. Glycobiology 2012 Sep;22(9):1147-62.
    doi: 10.1093/glycob/cws074pmc: PMC3406618pubmed: 22513036google scholar: lookup
  13. Bourne FJ, Curtis J. The transfer of immunoglobins IgG, IgA and IgM from serum to colostrum and milk in the sow.. Immunology 1973 Jan;24(1):157-62.
    pmc: PMC1422885pubmed: 4685370
  14. Bradshaw FJ, Bradshaw D. Progesterone and reproduction in marsupials: a review.. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011 Jan 1;170(1):18-40.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.07.015pubmed: 20688062google scholar: lookup
  15. Brandon MR, Watson DL, Lascelles AK. The mechanism of transfer of immunoglobulin into mammary secretion of cows.. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 1971 Dec;49(6):613-23.
    doi: 10.1038/icb.1971.67pubmed: 5153736google scholar: lookup
  16. Brennan AJ, Sharp JA, Lefevre C, Topcic D, Auguste A, Digby M, Nicholas KR. The tammar wallaby and fur seal: models to examine local control of lactation.. J Dairy Sci 2007 Jun;90 Suppl 1:E66-75.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-483pubmed: 17517753google scholar: lookup
  17. Butler WR. Inhibition of ovulation in the postpartum cow and the lactating sow. Livest. Prod. Sci. 98:5–12.
    doi: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.007google scholar: lookup
  18. Butler JE, Kehrli MEJ. Immunoglobulins and immunocytes in the mammary gland and its secretions. pp.1763–1793.
  19. Campbell SG, Siegel MJ, Knowlton BJ. Sheep immunoglobulins and their transmission to the neonatal lamb.. N Z Vet J 1977 Dec;25(12):361-5.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.1977.34458pubmed: 353601google scholar: lookup
  20. Capellini I, Venditti C, Barton RA. Placentation and maternal investment in mammals.. Am Nat 2011 Jan;177(1):86-98.
    doi: 10.1086/657435pubmed: 21087154google scholar: lookup
  21. Carter AM, Enders AC. Placentation in mammals: Definitive placenta, yolk sac, and paraplacenta.. Theriogenology 2016 Jul 1;86(1):278-87.
    doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.041pubmed: 27155730google scholar: lookup
  22. Casal ML, Jezyk PF, Giger U. Transfer of colostral antibodies from queens to their kittens.. Am J Vet Res 1996 Nov;57(11):1653-8.
    pubmed: 8915447
  23. Castro N, Capote J, Batista M, Bruckmaier RM, Argüello A. Effects of induced parturition in goats on immunoglobulin G and chitotriosidase activity in colostrum and plasma and on plasma concentrations of prolactin.. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2011 May;40(4):192-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.12.001pubmed: 21288684google scholar: lookup
  24. Castro N, Capote J, Bruckmaier RM, Argüello A. Management effects on colostrogenesis in small ruminants: a review. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 39:85–93.
    doi: 10.1080/09712119.2011.581625google scholar: lookup
  25. Chao S. The effect of lactation on ovulation and fertility.. Clin Perinatol 1987 Mar;14(1):39-50.
    doi: 10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30780-2pubmed: 3549114google scholar: lookup
  26. Chastant S, Mila H. Passive immune transfer in puppies.. Anim Reprod Sci 2019 Aug;207:162-170.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.06.012pmc: PMC7125514pubmed: 31255495google scholar: lookup
  27. Chastant-Maillard S, Mila H. Canine colostrum. Vet. Focus 26:32–38.
  28. Cheng Y, Belov K. Antimicrobial Protection of Marsupial Pouch Young.. Front Microbiol 2017;8:354.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00354pmc: PMC5339227pubmed: 28326070google scholar: lookup
  29. Cianga P, Medesan C, Richardson JA, Ghetie V, Ward ES. Identification and function of neonatal Fc receptor in mammary gland of lactating mice.. Eur J Immunol 1999 Aug;29(8):2515-23.
    doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199908)29:08<2515::AID-IMMU2515>3.0.CO;2-Dpubmed: 10458766google scholar: lookup
  30. Claus MA, Levy JK, MacDonald K, Tucker SJ, Crawford PC. Immunoglobulin concentrations in feline colostrum and milk, and the requirement of colostrum for passive transfer of immunity to neonatal kittens.. J Feline Med Surg 2006 Jun;8(3):184-91.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.01.001pubmed: 16600652google scholar: lookup
  31. Coppa GV, Gabrielli O, Pierani P, Catassi C, Carlucci A, Giorgi PL. Changes in carbohydrate composition in human milk over 4 months of lactation.. Pediatrics 1993 Mar;91(3):637-41.
    doi: 10.1542/peds.91.3.637pubmed: 8441573google scholar: lookup
  32. Cox WM, Mueller AJ. The composition of milk from stock rats and an apparatus for milking small laboratory animals. J. Nutr. 13:249–261.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/13.3.249google scholar: lookup
  33. Czosnykowska-Łukacka M, Lis-Kuberka J, Królak-Olejnik B, Orczyk-Pawiłowicz M. Changes in Human Milk Immunoglobulin Profile During Prolonged Lactation.. Front Pediatr 2020;8:428.
    doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00428pmc: PMC7426452pubmed: 32850542google scholar: lookup
  34. Dobenecker B, Zottmann B, Kienzle E, Wolf P, Zentek J. Milk yield and milk composition of lactating queens. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl) 80:173–178.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1998.tb00523.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  35. Enders AC. Reasons for diversity of placental structure.. Placenta 2009 Mar;30 Suppl A:S15-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.09.018pubmed: 19007983google scholar: lookup
  36. Farmer C. The gestating and lactating sow. .
  37. Farmer C, Quesnel H. Current knowledge on the control of onset and cessation of colostrogenesis in swine.. J Anim Sci 2020 Aug 18;98(Suppl 1):S133-S139.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa132pmc: PMC7433913pubmed: 32810242google scholar: lookup
  38. Fischer AJ, Malmuthuge N, Guan LL, Steele MA. Short communication: The effect of heat treatment of bovine colostrum on the concentration of oligosaccharides in colostrum and in the intestine of neonatal male Holstein calves.. J Dairy Sci 2018 Jan;101(1):401-407.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13533pubmed: 29102133google scholar: lookup
  39. Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Lopez A, Hare KS, Wood KM, Steele MA. Effects of colostrum management on transfer of passive immunity and the potential role of colostral bioactive components on neonatal calf development and metabolism. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 101:405–426.
    doi: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0149google scholar: lookup
  40. Forsyth IA, Hayden TJ. Comparative endocrinology of mammary growth and lactation. p. 135–163.
  41. Fox PF, Uniacke-Lowe T, McSweeney PLH, O’Mahony JA. Dairy chemistry and biochemistry. .
  42. Furukawa S, Kuroda Y, Sugiyama A. A comparison of the histological structure of the placenta in experimental animals.. J Toxicol Pathol 2014 Apr;27(1):11-8.
    doi: 10.1293/tox.2013-0060pmc: PMC4000068pubmed: 24791062google scholar: lookup
  43. Garcia M, Power ML, Moyes KM. Immunoglobulin A and nutrients in milk from great apes throughout lactation.. Am J Primatol 2017 Mar;79(3):1-11.
    doi: 10.1002/ajp.22614pubmed: 28118501google scholar: lookup
  44. Gill RK, Mahmood S, Nagpaul JP, Mahmood A. Functional role of sialic acid in IgG binding to microvillus membranes in neonatal rat intestine.. Biol Neonate 1999 Jul;76(1):55-64.
    doi: 10.1159/000014131pubmed: 10364639google scholar: lookup
  45. Görs S, Kucia M, Langhammer M, Junghans P, Metges CC. Technical note: Milk composition in mice--methodological aspects and effects of mouse strain and lactation day.. J Dairy Sci 2009 Feb;92(2):632-7.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2008-1563pubmed: 19164675google scholar: lookup
  46. Grigor MR, Allan J, Carne A, Carrington JM, Geursen A. Milk composition of rats feeding restricted litters.. Biochem J 1986 Feb 1;233(3):917-9.
    doi: 10.1042/bj2330917pmc: PMC1153118pubmed: 3707536google scholar: lookup
  47. Gross JJ, Kessler EC, Bjerre-Harpoth V, Dechow C, Baumrucker CR, Bruckmaier RM. Peripartal progesterone and prolactin have little effect on the rapid transport of immunoglobulin G into colostrum of dairy cows.. J Dairy Sci 2014 May;97(5):2923-31.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-7795pubmed: 24630658google scholar: lookup
  48. Grosvenor CE, Picciano MF, Baumrucker CR. Hormones and growth factors in milk.. Endocr Rev 1993 Dec;14(6):710-28.
    doi: 10.1210/edrv-14-6-710pubmed: 8119234google scholar: lookup
  49. Guidry J, Butler JE, Pearson RE, Weinland BT. IgA, igG1, IgG2, IgM, and BSA in serum and mammary secretion throughout lactation.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1980 Dec;1(4):329-41.
    doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(80)90012-4pubmed: 15615051google scholar: lookup
  50. Guo MR, Dixon PH, Park YW, Gilmore JA, Kindstedt PS. Seasonal changes in the chemical composition of commingled goat milk. J. Dairy Sci. 84:E79–E83.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)70201-9google scholar: lookup
  51. Guo HY, Pang K, Zhang XY, Zhao L, Chen SW, Dong ML, Ren FZ. Composition, physiochemical properties, nitrogen fraction distribution, and amino acid profile of donkey milk.. J Dairy Sci 2007 Apr;90(4):1635-43.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-600pubmed: 17369203google scholar: lookup
  52. Heddle RJ, Rowley D. Dog immunoglobulins. I. immunochemical characterization of dog serum, parotid saliva, colostrum, milk and small bowel fluid.. Immunology 1975 Jul;29(1):185-95.
    pmc: PMC1445854pubmed: 806517
  53. Henry S, Sigurjónsdóttir H, Klapper A, Joubert J, Montier G, Hausberger M. Domestic Foal Weaning: Need for Re-Thinking Breeding Practices?. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 23;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10020361pmc: PMC7070483pubmed: 32102206google scholar: lookup
  54. Hernández-Castellano LE, Almeida AM, Renaut J, Argüello A, Castro N. A proteomics study of colostrum and milk from the two major small ruminant dairy breeds from the Canary Islands: a bovine milk comparison perspective.. J Dairy Res 2016 Aug;83(3):366-74.
    doi: 10.1017/S0022029916000273pubmed: 27600973google scholar: lookup
  55. Hurley WL. Composition of sow colostrum and milk. p. 193–230.
    doi: 10.3920/978-90-8686-803-2_9google scholar: lookup
  56. Hurley WL, Theil PK. Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk.. Nutrients 2011 Apr;3(4):442-74.
    doi: 10.3390/n぀442pmc: PMC3257684pubmed: 22254105google scholar: lookup
  57. Jacobsen KL, DePeters EJ, Rogers QR, Taylor SJ. Influences of stage of lactation, teat position and sequential milk sampling on the composition of domestic cat milk (Felis catus).. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2004 Feb;88(1-2):46-58.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0396.2003.00459.xpubmed: 19774762google scholar: lookup
  58. Jollie WP. Development, morphology, and function of the yolk-sac placenta of laboratory rodents.. Teratology 1990 Apr;41(4):361-81.
    doi: 10.1002/tera.1420410403pubmed: 2187257google scholar: lookup
  59. Keen CL, Lönnerdal B, Clegg M, Hurley LS. Developmental changes in composition of rat milk: trace elements, minerals, protein, carbohydrate and fat.. J Nutr 1981 Feb;111(2):226-36.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/111.2.226pubmed: 7463167google scholar: lookup
  60. Kessler EC, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ. Immunoglobulin G content and colostrum composition of different goat and sheep breeds in Switzerland and Germany.. J Dairy Sci 2019 Jun;102(6):5542-5549.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-16235pubmed: 30904298google scholar: lookup
  61. Kessler EC, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ. Colostrum composition and immunoglobulin G content in dairy and dual-purpose cattle breeds.. J Anim Sci 2020 Aug 1;98(8).
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa237pmc: PMC7417005pubmed: 32697841google scholar: lookup
  62. Kohn CW, Knight D, Hueston W, Jacobs R, Reed SM. Colostral and serum IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations in Standardbred mares and their foals at parturition.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989 Jul 1;195(1):64-8.
    pubmed: 2759897
  63. Kressin M, Brehm R. Embryologie der Haustiere. .
    doi: 10.1055/b-006-163266google scholar: lookup
  64. Langer P. The phases of maternal investment in eutherian mammals.. Zoology (Jena) 2008;111(2):148-62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.zool.2007.06.007pubmed: 18222662google scholar: lookup
  65. Leach JL, Sedmak DD, Osborne JM, Rahill B, Lairmore MD, Anderson CL. Isolation from human placenta of the IgG transporter, FcRn, and localization to the syncytiotrophoblast: implications for maternal-fetal antibody transport.. J Immunol 1996 Oct 15;157(8):3317-22.
    pubmed: 8871627
  66. Lebenthal E, Antonowicz I, Shwachman H. Correlation of lactase activity, lactose tolerance and milk consumption in different age groups.. Am J Clin Nutr 1975 Jun;28(6):595-600.
    doi: 10.1093/ajcn/28.6.595pubmed: 1173320google scholar: lookup
  67. Le Dividich J, Noblet J. Effect of colostrum intake on metabolic rate and plasma glucose in the neonatal pig in relation to environmental temperature.. Biol Neonate 1984;46(2):98-104.
    doi: 10.1159/000242039pubmed: 6743716google scholar: lookup
  68. Lee PC, Majluf P, Gordon IJ. Growth, weaning and maternal investment from a comparative perspective. J. Zool. 225:99–114.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb03804.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  69. Lima H, Vogel K, Wagner-Gillespie M, Wimer C, Dean L, Fogleman A. Nutritional Comparison of Raw, Holder Pasteurized, and Shelf-stable Human Milk Products.. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018 Nov;67(5):649-653.
    doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000002094pubmed: 30063585google scholar: lookup
  70. Ludwiczak A, Składanowska-Baryza J, Kuczyńska B, Stanisz M. Hycole Doe Milk Properties and Kit Growth.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Jan 28;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10020214pmc: PMC7070429pubmed: 32012962google scholar: lookup
  71. Markowska-Daniel I, Pomorska-Mól M. Shifts in immunoglobulins levels in the porcine mammary secretions during whole lactation period. Bull. Vet. Inst. Puławy 54:345–349.
  72. Martín MJ, Martín-Sosa S, Hueso P. Binding of milk oligosaccharides by several enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from calves.. Glycoconj J 2002 Jan;19(1):5-11.
    doi: 10.1023/A:1022572628891pubmed: 12652075google scholar: lookup
  73. Mayer B, Doleschall M, Bender B, Bartyik J, Bosze Z, Frenyó LV, Kacskovics I. Expression of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in the bovine mammary gland.. J Dairy Res 2005;72 Spec No:107-12.
    doi: 10.1017/s0022029905001135pubmed: 16180728google scholar: lookup
  74. Mayer B, Zolnai A, Frenyó LV, Jancsik V, Szentirmay Z, Hammarström L, Kacskovics I. Redistribution of the sheep neonatal Fc receptor in the mammary gland around the time of parturition in ewes and its localization in the small intestine of neonatal lambs.. Immunology 2002 Nov;107(3):288-96.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01514.xpmc: PMC1782797pubmed: 12423304google scholar: lookup
  75. McCue PM, Sitters S. Lactation. p. 2277–2290.
  76. McGhee JR, Michalek SM, Ghanta VK. Rat immunoglobulins in serum and secretions: purification of rat IgM, IgA and IgG and their quantitation in serum, colostrum, milk and saliva.. Immunochemistry 1975 Oct;12(10):817-23.
    doi: 10.1016/0019-2791(75)90146-9pubmed: 1239417google scholar: lookup
  77. Merlin Junior IA, Santos JS, Costa LG, Costa RG, Ludovico A, Rego FC, Santana EH. Sheep milk: physical-chemical characteristics and microbiological quality.. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2015 Sep;65(3):193-8.
    pubmed: 26821492
  78. Michalek SM, Rahman AF, McGhee JR. Rat immunoglobulins in serum and secretions: comparison of IgM, IgA and IgG in serum, colostrum, milk and saliva of protein malnourished and normal rats.. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1975 Apr;148(4):1114-8.
    doi: 10.3181/00379727-148-38699pubmed: 1129326google scholar: lookup
  79. Mila H, Coinus S, Grellet A, Feugier A, Mariani C, Power ML, Maslanka M, Chastant-Maillard S. Nutritional and immunological composition of canine colostrum. Book of abstracts of the 18th EVSSAR congress on reproduction and pediatrics in dogs, cats and exotics. September 11–12, 2015. Hannover, Germany. Page 109 [Abstract].
  80. Mila H, Feugier A, Grellet A, Anne J, Gonnier M, Martin M, Rossig L, Chastant-Maillard S. Immunoglobulin G concentration in canine colostrum: Evaluation and variability.. J Reprod Immunol 2015 Nov;112:24-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.06.001pubmed: 26186389google scholar: lookup
  81. Mohamed H, Nagy P, Agbaba J, Kamal-Eldin A. Use of near and mid infra-red spectroscopy for analysis of protein, fat, lactose and total solids in raw cow and camel milk.. Food Chem 2021 Jan 1;334:127436.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127436pubmed: 32711262google scholar: lookup
  82. Neville MC, Morton J. Physiology and endocrine changes underlying human lactogenesis II.. J Nutr 2001 Nov;131(11):3005S-8S.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/131.11.3005Spubmed: 11694636google scholar: lookup
  83. Nicholas KR, Hartmann PE. Milk secretion in the rat: progressive changes in milk composition during lactation and weaning and the effect of diet.. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 1991;98(3-4):535-42.
    doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(91)90443-gpubmed: 1674460google scholar: lookup
  84. Oftedal OT. Lactation in the dog: milk composition and intake by puppies.. J Nutr 1984 May;114(5):803-12.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/114.5.803pubmed: 6726450google scholar: lookup
  85. Oftedal OT. The evolution of milk secretion and its ancient origins.. Animal 2012 Mar;6(3):355-68.
    doi: 10.1017/S1751731111001935pubmed: 22436214google scholar: lookup
  86. Palmeira P, Carneiro-Sampaio M. Immunology of breast milk.. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2016 Sep;62(6):584-593.
    doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.62.06.584pubmed: 27849237google scholar: lookup
  87. Pang WW, Hartmann PE. Initiation of human lactation: secretory differentiation and secretory activation.. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2007 Dec;12(4):211-21.
    doi: 10.1007/s10911-007-9054-4pubmed: 18027076google scholar: lookup
  88. Peaker M, Rossdale PD, Forsyth IA, Falk M. Changes in mammary development and composition of secretion during late pregnancy in the mare.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1979;(27):555-61.
    pubmed: 289836
  89. Pecka E, Dobrzański Z, Zachwieja A, Szulc T, Czyż K. Studies of composition and major protein level in milk and colostrum of mares.. Anim Sci J 2012 Feb;83(2):162-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00930.xpubmed: 22339698google scholar: lookup
  90. Pereira PC. Milk nutritional composition and its role in human health.. Nutrition 2014 Jun;30(6):619-27.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.10.011pubmed: 24800664google scholar: lookup
  91. Peri BA, Rothberg RM. Transmission of maternal antibody prenatally and from milk into serum of neonatal rabbits.. Immunology 1986 Jan;57(1):49-53.
    pmc: PMC1453894pubmed: 3943878
  92. Plaza-Díaz J, Fontana L, Gil A. Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Immune System Development.. Nutrients 2018 Aug 8;10(8).
    doi: 10.3390/nဈ1038pmc: PMC6116142pubmed: 30096792google scholar: lookup
  93. Porter P. Immunoglobulins in bovine mammary secretions. Quantitative changes in early lactation and absorption by the neonatal calf.. Immunology 1972 Aug;23(2):225-38.
    pmc: PMC1407913pubmed: 4560742
  94. Quesnel H, Farmer C. Review: nutritional and endocrine control of colostrogenesis in swine.. Animal 2019 Jul;13(S1):s26-s34.
    doi: 10.1017/s1751731118003555pubmed: 31280746google scholar: lookup
  95. Quinn EM, Joshi L, Hickey RM. Symposium review: Dairy-derived oligosaccharides-Their influence on host-microbe interactions in the gastrointestinal tract of infants.. J Dairy Sci 2020 Apr;103(4):3816-3827.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-17645pubmed: 32089300google scholar: lookup
  96. Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A. Natural sucking performance and age of weaning in zebu cattle (Bos indicus). J. Agric. Sci 96:309–312.
    doi: 10.1017/s0021859600066089google scholar: lookup
  97. Rodewald R. pH-dependent binding of immunoglobulins to intestinal cells of the neonatal rat.. J Cell Biol 1976 Nov;71(2):666-9.
    doi: 10.1083/jcb.71.2.666pmc: PMC2109747pubmed: 11223google scholar: lookup
  98. Rooke JA, Bland IM. The acquisition of passive immunity in the new-born piglet. Livest. Prod. Sci. 78:13–23.
    doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00182-3google scholar: lookup
  99. Salimei E, Varisco G, Rosi F. Major constituents, leptin, and non-protein nitrogen compounds in mares' colostrum and milk.. Reprod Nutr Dev 2002 Jan-Feb;42(1):65-72.
    doi: 10.1051/rnd:2002007pubmed: 12199377google scholar: lookup
  100. Samarütel J, Baumrucker CR, Gross JJ, Dechow CD, Bruckmaier RM. Quarter variation and correlations of colostrum albumin, immunoglobulin G1 and G2 in dairy cows.. J Dairy Res 2016 May;83(2):209-18.
    doi: 10.1017/S0022029916000091pubmed: 27048766google scholar: lookup
  101. Sánchez-Macías D, Moreno-Indias I, Castro N, Morales-Delanuez A, Argüello A. From goat colostrum to milk: physical, chemical, and immune evolution from partum to 90 days postpartum.. J Dairy Sci 2014;97(1):10-6.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-6811pubmed: 24183682google scholar: lookup
  102. Schmidt PM, Chakraborty PK, Wildt DE. Ovarian activity, circulating hormones and sexual behavior in the cat. II. Relationships during pregnancy, parturition, lactation and the postpartum estrus.. Biol Reprod 1983 Apr;28(3):657-71.
    doi: 10.1095/biolreprod28.3.657pubmed: 6850043google scholar: lookup
  103. Sheoran AS, Timoney JF, Holmes MA, Karzenski SS, Crisman MV. Immunoglobulin isotypes in sera and nasal mucosal secretions and their neonatal transfer and distribution in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2000 Sep;61(9):1099-105.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1099pubmed: 10976743google scholar: lookup
  104. Sousa SG, Delgadillo I, Saraiva JA. Effect of thermal pasteurisation and high-pressure processing on immunoglobulin content and lysozyme and lactoperoxidase activity in human colostrum.. Food Chem 2014 May 15;151:79-85.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.024pubmed: 24423505google scholar: lookup
  105. Stoffel MH, Friess AE, Hartmann SH. Ultrastructural evidence of transplacental transport of immunoglobulin G in bitches.. J Reprod Fertil 2000 Mar;118(2):315-26.
    doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.1180315pubmed: 10864795google scholar: lookup
  106. Tanner AR, Kennedy VC, Lynch CS, Hord TK, Winger QA, Rozance PJ, Anthony RV. In vivo investigation of ruminant placenta function and physiology-a review.. J Anim Sci 2022 Jun 1;100(6).
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skac045pmc: PMC9159061pubmed: 35648127google scholar: lookup
  107. Tsafaras GP, Ntontsi P, Xanthou G. Advantages and Limitations of the Neonatal Immune System.. Front Pediatr 2020;8:5.
    doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00005pmc: PMC6997472pubmed: 32047730google scholar: lookup
  108. Tyler SJ. The behaviour and social organization of the New Forest Ponies. Anim. Behav. Monogr 5:87–196.
    doi: 10.1016/0003-3472(72)90003-6google scholar: lookup
  109. Urashima T, Katayama T, Sakanaka M, Fukuda K, Messer M. Evolution of milk oligosaccharides: Origin and selectivity of the ratio of milk oligosaccharides to lactose among mammals.. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022 Jan;1866(1):130012.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130012pubmed: 34536507google scholar: lookup
  110. Wall SK, Gross JJ, Kessler EC, Villez K, Bruckmaier RM. Blood-derived proteins in milk at start of lactation: Indicators of active or passive transfer.. J Dairy Sci 2015 Nov;98(11):7748-56.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9440pubmed: 26298756google scholar: lookup
  111. Wellnitz O, Arnold ET, Lehmann M, Bruckmaier RM. Short communication: differential immunoglobulin transfer during mastitis challenge by pathogen-specific components.. J Dairy Sci 2013 Mar;96(3):1681-4.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-6150pubmed: 23295119google scholar: lookup
  112. Yuen JW, Loke AY, Gohel MD. Nutritional and immunological characteristics of fresh and refrigerated stored human milk in Hong Kong: a pilot study.. Clin Chim Acta 2012 Oct 9;413(19-20):1549-54.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.03.018pubmed: 22522055google scholar: lookup
  113. Zarrow MX, Denenberg VH, Anderson CO. Rabbit: frequency of suckling in the pup.. Science 1965 Dec 31;150(3705):1835-6.
    doi: 10.1126/science.150.3705.1835pubmed: 5892995google scholar: lookup
  114. Zhang H, Yao J, Zhao D, Liu H, Li J, Guo M. Changes in chemical composition of Alxa bactrian camel milk during lactation.. J Dairy Sci 2005 Oct;88(10):3402-10.
    doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73024-1pubmed: 16162513google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 16 times.
  1. Chastant S. Lactation in domestic carnivores. Anim Front 2023 Jun;13(3):71-76.
    doi: 10.1093/af/vfad027pubmed: 37324213google scholar: lookup
  2. Neville MC. Lactation in the human. Anim Front 2023 Jun;13(3):64-70.
    doi: 10.1093/af/vfad021pubmed: 37324212google scholar: lookup
  3. Baumrucker CR, Gross JJ, Bruckmaier RM. The importance of colostrum in maternal care and its formation in mammalian species. Anim Front 2023 Jun;13(3):37-43.
    doi: 10.1093/af/vfad012pubmed: 37324208google scholar: lookup
  4. Bigler NA, Gross JJ, Baumrucker CR, Bruckmaier RM. Endocrine changes during the peripartal period related to colostrogenesis in mammalian species. J Anim Sci 2023 Jan 3;101.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skad146pubmed: 37158662google scholar: lookup
  5. Yazawa T, Islam MS, Imamichi Y, Watanabe H, Yaegashi K, Ida T, Sato T, Kitano T, Matsuzaki S, Umezawa A, Muranishi Y. Comparison of Placental HSD17B1 Expression and Its Regulation in Various Mammalian Species. Animals (Basel) 2023 Feb 10;13(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13040622pubmed: 36830409google scholar: lookup
  6. . Infographic: Placentation and colostrum composition in mammals. J Anim Sci 2022 Dec 1;100(12).
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skac388pubmed: 36453250google scholar: lookup
  7. Teh SS, Truyen LH, Woodyear S, Palmeri J, Pimenta-Pereira AA, Peprah AAE, Lanman E, Lonergan TM, Reid A, Cheong SH, Caddy SL. Quantifying maternal antibody transfer to colostrum and cord blood reveals virus-specific selectivity in dogs. Front Immunol 2025;16:1753521.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1753521pubmed: 41613107google scholar: lookup
  8. Splichal I, Polakova K, Sinkora M, Neuzil Bunesova V, Modrackova N, Vlkova E, Kindlova Z, Horvathova K, Splichalova A. Effects of Defined Pig Microbiota on Acute Salmonellosis in Gnotobiotic Piglets. FASEB J 2026 Jan 15;40(1):e71401.
    doi: 10.1096/fj.202503234Rpubmed: 41474380google scholar: lookup
  9. Bjerre LB, Chalmers SB, Davis FM. Little women: the relevance and reliance on mouse models for mammary gland research and next steps for translation. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2025 Nov 20;30(1):16.
    doi: 10.1007/s10911-025-09590-8pubmed: 41264156google scholar: lookup
  10. Yang C, Du M, Ahmad AA, Cheng Y, Gebeyew K. Passive Immunity Establishment Through Colostral IgG Absorption in Neonatal Ruminants: Foundation for Efficient Ruminant Production. Animals (Basel) 2025 Oct 24;15(21).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15213093pubmed: 41227424google scholar: lookup
  11. Simonin EM, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V, Björnsdóttir S, Freer H, Tarsillo J, Wagner B. Early allergen introduction overrides allergy predisposition in offspring of horses with Culicoides hypersensitivity. Front Immunol 2025;16:1654693.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1654693pubmed: 41194920google scholar: lookup
  12. Jiang H, Wang H, Jia H, Liu Y, Pan Y, Zhong X, Huo J, Zhan J. Early Weaning Impairs the Growth Performance of Hu Lambs Through Damaging Intestinal Morphology and Disrupting Serum Metabolite Homeostasis. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jan 6;15(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15010113pubmed: 39795056google scholar: lookup
  13. Splichalova A, Smidt H, Uenishi H, Splichal I. Editorial: Pig translational model in immunological research. Front Immunol 2024;15:1456470.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1456470pubmed: 39040101google scholar: lookup
  14. Silva FG, Silva SR, Pereira AMF, Cerqueira JL, Conceição C. A Comprehensive Review of Bovine Colostrum Components and Selected Aspects Regarding Their Impact on Neonatal Calf Physiology. Animals (Basel) 2024 Apr 8;14(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14071130pubmed: 38612369google scholar: lookup
  15. Splichalova A, Kindlova Z, Killer J, Neuzil Bunesova V, Vlkova E, Valaskova B, Pechar R, Polakova K, Splichal I. Commensal Bacteria Impact on Intestinal Toll-like Receptor Signaling in Salmonella-Challenged Gnotobiotic Piglets. Pathogens 2023 Oct 29;12(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12111293pubmed: 38003758google scholar: lookup
  16. Mayerl CJ, German RZ. Evolution, diversification and function of the maternal-infant dyad in mammalian feeding. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023 Dec 4;378(1891):20220554.
    doi: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0554pubmed: 37839443google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,911 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.