FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Life (Basel, Switzerland)2025; 15(10); 1558; doi: 10.3390/life15101558

In Vitro Effects of PRP, Ozonized PRP, Hyaluronic Acid, Paracetamol, and Polyacrylamide on Equine Synovial Fluid-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Abstract: Musculoskeletal disorders are a major cause of lameness in horses, often necessitating innovative regenerative strategies to restore joint function and improve quality of life. This study investigated the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), ozonized PRP, hyaluronic acid, paracetamol, and polyacrylamide hydrogel (NOLTREX) on the behavior of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from equine synovial fluid. Synovial fluid samples were collected under strict cytological criteria to ensure viability, followed by in vitro expansion and phenotypic characterization of MSCs. Cultures were supplemented with the tested preparations, and cellular proliferation and viability were evaluated at 24 h, 72 h, and 7 days. PRP significantly promoted MSC proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with maximal effect at 10%. Hyaluronic acid stimulated growth, most pronounced at 1 mg/mL, while paracetamol induced a concentration-dependent proliferative response, strongest at 100 μg/mL. NOLTREX displayed a biphasic effect, initially inhibitory at high concentrations but stimulatory at 7 days. Ozonized PRP showed concentration-dependent redox activity, with lower doses maintaining viability and higher doses producing an initial suppression followed by delayed stimulation. Collectively, these findings support the therapeutic potential of PRP and related biologic preparations as intra-articular regenerative therapies in equine medicine, while underscoring the importance of dose optimization and standardized protocols to facilitate clinical translation.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2025-10-04 PubMed ID: 41157231PubMed Central: PMC12565166DOI: 10.3390/life15101558Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study evaluated the effects of several treatments—including platelet-rich plasma (PRP), ozonized PRP, hyaluronic acid, paracetamol, and polyacrylamide hydrogel—on the growth and viability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from horse joint fluid.
  • The results demonstrated how these substances influence MSC proliferation and survival over time, providing insight into their potential use for joint regeneration in horses.

Background and Rationale

  • Musculoskeletal disorders are a leading cause of lameness in horses, impacting their mobility and quality of life.
  • Regenerative medicine, particularly using MSCs, offers promising strategies to repair joint damage and restore function.
  • Synovial fluid-derived MSCs are of special interest because they originate from the joint environment and may have higher relevance for intra-articular therapies.
  • Various biological and synthetic agents—such as PRP, ozonized PRP, hyaluronic acid, paracetamol, and polyacrylamide hydrogels—are proposed to support stem cell function or joint health, but their direct effects on MSCs need clarification.

Methods

  • Synovial fluid samples were collected from horses using strict cytological criteria to ensure viable MSC isolation.
  • Isolated MSCs were expanded in vitro, characterized phenotypically to confirm their identity.
  • MSC cultures were supplemented with different concentrations of:
    • Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)
    • Ozonized PRP (PRP treated with ozone for oxidizing effects)
    • Hyaluronic acid
    • Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
    • Polyacrylamide hydrogel (commercially known as NOLTREX)
  • Proliferation and viability were assessed at three time points: 24 hours, 72 hours, and 7 days post-treatment.

Key Findings

  • PRP:
    • Significantly stimulated MSC proliferation in both a time- and dose-dependent manner.
    • 10% concentration produced the maximum proliferative effect.
  • Hyaluronic Acid:
    • Induced growth stimulation, especially notable at 1 mg/mL concentration.
  • Paracetamol:
    • Caused a concentration-dependent increase in proliferation.
    • Strongest proliferative effect observed at 100 μg/mL.
  • Polyacrylamide Hydrogel (NOLTREX):
    • Exhibited a biphasic effect on MSCs:
      • Initially inhibitory at high doses.
      • Stimulated cell growth after 7 days.
  • Ozonized PRP:
    • Displays concentration-dependent redox activity impacting MSC viability:
    • Lower doses preserved viability.
    • Higher doses caused early suppression followed by delayed stimulation of proliferation.

Interpretation and Clinical Implications

  • PRP and related biologic agents have demonstrated the capacity to modulate MSC behavior positively, suggesting utility as regenerative intra-articular therapies for equine joint diseases.
  • Hyaluronic acid and paracetamol also support MSC proliferation but their mechanisms may differ, as hyaluronic acid is a natural joint lubricant and paracetamol is commonly a pain reliever with some effects on cell metabolism.
  • The biphasic profile of NOLTREX highlights the importance of dosage and timing in therapeutic applications, indicating that immediate effects may differ from long-term outcomes.
  • Ozonized PRP’s redox effects suggest potential for controlled oxidative modulation of MSCs, but precise dosing is critical to avoid cytotoxicity.
  • The findings emphasize the need for optimized dosing protocols and standardization to maximize therapeutic benefits and ensure safety when translating these treatments to clinical practice.

Conclusions

  • The study provides evidence supporting the use of PRP, ozonized PRP, hyaluronic acid, paracetamol, and polyacrylamide hydrogel as modulators of equine synovial fluid-derived MSCs.
  • These agents have distinct and concentration-dependent effects on MSC proliferation and viability, which can inform the development of effective regenerative therapies for equine musculoskeletal disorders.
  • Future work should focus on clinical trials to validate these in vitro findings and establish guidelines for their safe and effective application in veterinary medicine.

Cite This Article

APA
Bungărdean D, Pall E, Daradics Z, Popescu M, Tripon MA, Lupșan AF, Crecan CM, Morar IA, Nicolescu A, Bora FD, Marcus I. (2025). In Vitro Effects of PRP, Ozonized PRP, Hyaluronic Acid, Paracetamol, and Polyacrylamide on Equine Synovial Fluid-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Life (Basel), 15(10), 1558. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15101558

Publication

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2075-1729
NlmUniqueID: 101580444
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 10
PII: 1558

Researcher Affiliations

Bungărdean, Denisa
  • Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Pall, Emoke
  • Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur nr. 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Daradics, Zsofia
  • Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Popescu, Maria
  • Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Tripon, Mirela Alexandra
  • Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Veterinary Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Lupșan, Alexandru Florin
  • Department of Anesthesiology and Surgery, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Crecan, Cristian Mihăiță
  • Department of Anesthesiology and Surgery, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Morar, Ianu Adrian
  • Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Veterinary Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Nicolescu, Alexandru
  • Laboratory of Chromatography, Advanced Horticultural Research Institute of Transylvania, Faculty of Horticulture and Business for Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Bora, Florin Dumitru
  • Laboratory of Chromatography, Advanced Horticultural Research Institute of Transylvania, Faculty of Horticulture and Business for Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
  • Viticulture and Oenology Department, Advanced Horticultural Research Institute of Transylvania, Faculty of Horticulture and Business in Rural Development, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Marcus, Ioan
  • Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (UASVM) Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 54 references
  1. Ribitsch I, Oreff GL, Jenner F. Regenerative Medicine for Equine Musculoskeletal Diseases. Animals 2021;11:234.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11010234pmc: PMC7832834pubmed: 33477808google scholar: lookup
  2. Murray RC, Walters JM, Snart H, Dyson SJ, Parkin TDH. Identification of Risk Factors for Lameness in Dressage Horses. Vet. J. 2010;184:27–36.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.020pubmed: 19369100google scholar: lookup
  3. Guidoni K, Chiaradia E, Pepe M, Di Meo A, Tognoloni A, Seccaroni M, Beccati F. The Combined Use of Triamcinolone and Platelet-Rich Plasma in Equine Metacarpophalangeal Joint Osteoarthritis Treatments: An In Vivo and In Vitro Study. Animals 2024;14:3645.
    doi: 10.3390/ani14243645pmc: PMC11672629pubmed: 39765549google scholar: lookup
  4. Garbin LC, Olver CS. Platelet-Rich Products and Their Application to Osteoarthritis. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2020;86:102820.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102820pubmed: 32067662google scholar: lookup
  5. Sakata R, Reddi AH. Platelet-Rich Plasma Modulates Actions on Articular Cartilage Lubrication and Regeneration. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 2016;22:408–419.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0534pubmed: 27109909google scholar: lookup
  6. Zhu Y, Yuan M, Meng HY, Wang AY, Guo QY, Wang Y, Peng J. Basic Science and Clinical Application of Platelet-Rich Plasma for Cartilage Defects and Osteoarthritis: A Review. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2013;21:1627–1637.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.07.017pubmed: 23933379google scholar: lookup
  7. Textor JA, Willits NH, Tablin F. Synovial Fluid Growth Factor and Cytokine Concentrations after Intra-Articular Injection of a Platelet-Rich Product in Horses. Vet. J. 2013;198:217–223.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.020pubmed: 23992870google scholar: lookup
  8. Camargo Garbin L, Lopez C, Carmona JU. A Critical Overview of the Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Equine Medicine Over the Last Decade. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021;8:641818.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.641818pmc: PMC8044532pubmed: 33869321google scholar: lookup
  9. Peng C, Yang L, Labens R, Gao Y, Zhu Y, Li J. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Efficacy of Platelet-rich Plasma Products for Treatment of Equine Joint Disease. Equine Vet. J. 2024;56:858–869.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14042pubmed: 38185481google scholar: lookup
  10. Mehrabani D, Seghatchian J, Acker JP. Platelet Rich Plasma in Treatment of Musculoskeletal Pathologies. Transfus. Apher. Sci. 2019;58:102675.
    doi: 10.1016/j.transci.2019.102675pubmed: 31735653google scholar: lookup
  11. Fotouhi A, Maleki A, Dolati S, Aghebati-Maleki A, Aghebati-Maleki L. Platelet Rich Plasma, Stromal Vascular Fraction and Autologous Conditioned Serum in Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018;104:652–660.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.019pubmed: 29803179google scholar: lookup
  12. Muiños-López E, Delgado D, Sánchez P, Paiva B, Anitua E, Fiz N, Aizpurua B, Guadilla J, Padilla S, Granero-Moltó F. Modulation of Synovial Fluid-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Intra-Articular and Intraosseous Platelet Rich Plasma Administration. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:1247950.
    doi: 10.1155/2016/1247950pmc: PMC5080490pubmed: 27818688google scholar: lookup
  13. Colbath AC, Frisbie DD, Dow SW, Kisiday JD, McIlwraith CW, Goodrich LR. Equine Models for the Investigation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapies in Orthopaedic Disease. Oper. Tech. Sports Med. 2017;25:41–49.
    doi: 10.1053/j.otsm.2016.12.007google scholar: lookup
  14. Gugjoo MB, Amarpal, Makhdoomi DM, Sharma GT. Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Properties, Sources, Characterization, and Potential Therapeutic Applications. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2019;72:16–27.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.10.007pubmed: 30929778google scholar: lookup
  15. Tang H-C, Chen W-C, Chiang C-W, Chen L-Y, Chang Y-C, Chen C-H. Differentiation Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma Concentrations on Synovial Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Pigs Cultivated in Alginate Complex Hydrogel. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015;16:18507–18521.
    doi: 10.3390/ijms160818507pmc: PMC4581257pubmed: 26262616google scholar: lookup
  16. Tjandra KC, Novriansyah R, Sudiasa INS, Ar A, Rahmawati NAD, Dilogo IH. Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cell, Platelet-Rich Plasma, and Hyaluronic Acid Intervention in Early Stage Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression of Arthroscopic-Guided Intra-Articular Approaches.. PLoS ONE 2024;19:e0295876.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295876pmc: PMC10923406pubmed: 38457479google scholar: lookup
  17. Zayed M, Adair S, Ursini T, Schumacher J, Misk N, Dhar M. Concepts and Challenges in the Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Treatment for Cartilage Damage in the Horse.. Res. Vet. Sci. 2018;118:317–323.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.03.011pubmed: 29601969google scholar: lookup
  18. Dernek B, Kesiktas FN. Efficacy of Combined Ozone and Platelet-Rich-Plasma Treatment versus Platelet-Rich-Plasma Treatment Alone in Early Stage Knee Osteoarthritis.. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 2019;32:305–311.
    doi: 10.3233/BMR-181301pubmed: 30452396google scholar: lookup
  19. Vendruscolo CDP, Moreira JJ, Seidel SRT, Fülber J, Neuenschwander HM, Bonagura G, Agreste FR, Baccarin RYA. Effects of Medical Ozone upon Healthy Equine Joints: Clinical and Laboratorial Aspects.. PLoS ONE 2018;13:e0197736.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197736pmc: PMC5973567pubmed: 29813093google scholar: lookup
  20. Sciorsci RL, Lillo E, Occhiogrosso L, Rizzo A. Ozone Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: A Review.. Res. Vet. Sci. 2020;130:240–246.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.026pubmed: 32234614google scholar: lookup
  21. Carrade DD, Owens SD, Galuppo LD, Vidal MA, Ferraro GL, Librach F, Buerchler S, Friedman MS, Walker NJ, Borjesson DL. Clinicopathologic Findings Following Intra-Articular Injection of Autologous and Allogeneic Placentally Derived Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Horses.. Cytotherapy 2011;13:419–430.
    doi: 10.3109/14653249.2010.536213pubmed: 21105841google scholar: lookup
  22. Barrachina L, Romero A, Zaragoza P, Rodellar C, Vázquez FJ. Practical Considerations for Clinical Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: From the Laboratory to the Horse.. Vet. J. 2018;238:49–57.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.07.004pubmed: 30103915google scholar: lookup
  23. Vinod E, Padmaja K, Ramasamy B, Sathishkumar S. Systematic Review of Articular Cartilage Derived Chondroprogenitors for Cartilage Repair in Animal Models.. J. Orthop. 2023;35:43–53.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2022.10.012pmc: PMC9647330pubmed: 36387762google scholar: lookup
  24. Cassano JM, Marycz K, Horna M, Nogues MP, Morgan JM, Herrmann DB, Galuppo LD, Vapniarsky N. Evaluating the Safety of Intra-Articular Mitotherapy in the Equine Model: A Potential Novel Treatment for Osteoarthritis.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2023;120:104164.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104164pubmed: 36384191google scholar: lookup
  25. Pereira MF, Ribeiro G, Gonzales A, Arantes JA, Dória RGS. Effects of Intra-Articular Administration of Hyaluronic Acid or Platelet-Rich Plasma as a Complementary Treatment to Arthroscopy in Horses with Osteochondritis Dissecans.. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2024;23:100330.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2023.100330pmc: PMC10801337pubmed: 38259325google scholar: lookup
  26. Smit Y, Marais HJ, Thompson PN, Mahne AT, Goddard A. Clinical Findings, Synovial Fluid Cytology and Growth Factor Concentrations after Intra-Articular Use of a Platelet-Rich Product in Horses with Osteoarthritis.. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 2019;90:e1–e9.
    doi: 10.4102/jsava.v90i0.1721pmc: PMC6556911pubmed: 31170778google scholar: lookup
  27. Conrado FO, Beatty SSK. Fluid Analysis in the Equine Patient.. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 2021;36:e1–e28.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.01.002pubmed: 33618950google scholar: lookup
  28. Steel CM. Equine Synovial Fluid Analysis.. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 2008;24:437–454.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.05.004pubmed: 18652964google scholar: lookup
  29. Murata D, Miyakoshi D, Hatazoe T, Miura N, Tokunaga S, Fujiki M, Nakayama K, Misumi K. Multipotency of Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Synovial Fluid.. Vet. J. 2014;202:53–61.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.029pubmed: 25151209google scholar: lookup
  30. Crecan C, Oprean LS, Tripon MA, Bodnariuc A, Luciana R, Pall E, Oros DC, Morar I. Equestrian Synovial Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cells, a Potential Experimental Model for Osteoarticular Therapies.. Farmacia 2019;67:458–466.
    doi: 10.31925/farmacia.2019.3.12google scholar: lookup
  31. Segabinazzi L.G.T.M., Podico G., Rosser M.F., Nanjappa S.G., Alvarenga M.A., Canisso I.F.. Three Manual Noncommercial Methods to Prepare Equine Platelet-Rich Plasma. Animals 2021;11:1478.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11061478pmc: PMC8223772pubmed: 34063777google scholar: lookup
  32. Radtke A.V., Goodale M.B., Fortier L.A.. Platelet and Leukocyte Concentration in Equine Autologous Conditioned Plasma Are Inversely Distributed by Layer and Are Not Affected by Centrifugation Rate. Front. Vet. Sci. 2020;7:00173.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00173pmc: PMC7235160pubmed: 32478101google scholar: lookup
  33. Ionita J.-C., Kissich C., Gottschalk J., Einspanier A., Köller G., Winter K., Brehm W.. Comparison of Cellular and Growth Factor Concentrations in Equine Autologous Conditioned Plasma® (ACP) and Manually Prepared Platelet Rich Plasma (MPRP). Pferdeheilkd. Equine Med. 2014;30:195–201.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20140208google scholar: lookup
  34. Hauschild G., Geburek F., Gosheger G., Eveslage M., Serrano D., Streitbürger A., Johannlükens S., Menzel D., Mischke R.. Short Term Storage Stability at Room Temperature of Two Different Platelet-Rich Plasma Preparations from Equine Donors and Potential Impact on Growth Factor Concentrations. BMC Vet. Res. 2016;13:7.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0920-4pmc: PMC5216599pubmed: 28056978google scholar: lookup
  35. Yang X., Zhong Y., Wang D., Lu Z.. A Simple Colorimetric Method for Viable Bacteria Detection Based on Cell Counting Kit-8. Anal. Methods 2021;13:5211–5215.
    doi: 10.1039/D1AY01624Epubmed: 34694314google scholar: lookup
  36. Chanda M., Klinphayom C., Sungsuwan T., Senarat W., Thongkham E., Kamlangdee A., Senarat N.. Diagnostic Imaging Features, Cytological Examination, and Treatment of Lymphocytic Tenosynovitis of the Common Digital Extensor Tendon Sheath in an Eventing Horse. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2021;14:100209.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100209pmc: PMC8488026pubmed: 34632158google scholar: lookup
  37. Lapjit C., Charoenchanikran P., Petchkaew P., Sukpipattanamongkol S., Yodsheewan R., Theerapan W., Chanda M.. Diagnostic Imaging and Cytological Analysis Aid the Clinical Investigation of Long Digital Extensor Tendon Subtendinous Bursitis in a Horse. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2021;101:103449.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103449pubmed: 33993936google scholar: lookup
  38. Sanchez-Teran A.F., Bracamonte J.L., Hendrick S., Riddell L., Musil K., Hoff B., Rubio-Martínez L.M.. Effect of Repeated Through-and-through Joint Lavage on Serum Amyloid A in Synovial Fluid from Healthy Horses. Vet. J. 2016;210:30–33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.01.001pubmed: 26831179google scholar: lookup
  39. Greve L., Pfau T., Dyson S.. Thoracolumbar Movement in Sound Horses Trotting in Straight Lines in Hand and on the Lunge and the Relationship with Hind Limb Symmetry or Asymmetry. Vet. J. 2017;220:95–104.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.01.003pubmed: 28190505google scholar: lookup
  40. Beck A.A., Paz L.B., Frank M.I., Engelmann A.M., Krause A., Côrte F.D.D.L.. Safety and Synovial Inflammatory Response After Intra-Articular Injection of Botulinum Toxin Type A in Healthy Horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2022;110:103865.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103865pubmed: 35017040google scholar: lookup
  41. Rinnovati R., Bonelli F., Tognetti R., Gallo C., Bassini R.F., Marchetti V., Sgorbini M.. Effect of Repeated Arthrocentesis on Cytology of Synovial Fluid. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2017;57:112–115.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.07.008google scholar: lookup
  42. Jiang D., Muschhammer J., Qi Y., Kügler A., de Vries J.C., Saffarzadeh M., Sindrilaru A., Vander Beken S., Wlaschek M., Kluth M.A.. Suppression of Neutrophil-Mediated Tissue Damage—A Novel Skill of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016;34:2393–2406.
    doi: 10.1002/stem.2417pmc: PMC5572139pubmed: 27299700google scholar: lookup
  43. Fiala-Rechsteiner S.M., Amaral M.G., Cruz L.A., Rodrigues R.F., Pimentel A.M., Mattos R.C.. Inflammatory Lesions in the Oviducts and Its Relationship With Endometrial Inflammation and Ovarian Activity in Criollo Mares. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2015;35:731–734.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.07.006google scholar: lookup
  44. Frisbie D.D., Al-Sobayil F., Billinghurst R.C., Kawcak C.E., McIlwraith C.W.. Changes in Synovial Fluid and Serum Biomarkers with Exercise and Early Osteoarthritis in Horses. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2008;16:1196–1204.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.008pubmed: 18442931google scholar: lookup
  45. Walters M., Skovgaard K., Andersen P.H., Heegaard P.M.H., Jacobsen S.. Dynamics of Local Gene Regulations in Synovial Fluid Leukocytes from Horses with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Arthritis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2021;241:110325.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110325pubmed: 34562797google scholar: lookup
  46. Dumoulin M., Martens A., Van den Abeele A.-M., Boyen F., Oosterlinck M., Wilderjans H., Gasthuys F., Haesebrouck F., Pille F.. Evaluation of Direct Etest for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria Isolated from Synovial Fluid of Horses Using Enrichment Bottles. Vet. J. 2017;220:55–62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.01.001pubmed: 28190496google scholar: lookup
  47. Soares C.S., Babo P.S., Reis R.L., Carvalho P.P., Gomes M.E.. Platelet-Derived Products in Veterinary Medicine: A New Trend or an Effective Therapy?. Trends Biotechnol. 2021;39:225–243.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.07.011pubmed: 32868100google scholar: lookup
  48. Cao Y., Li Y., Fu S.C., Shen J., Zhang H., Jiang C., Shu-Hang Yung P.. Platelet-Rich Plasma Pretreatment Protects Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fibroblasts Correlated with PI3K-Akt-MTOR Pathway under Hypoxia Condition. J. Orthop. Transl. 2022;34:102–112.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.02.002pmc: PMC9283994pubmed: 35891713google scholar: lookup
  49. Naor D.. Editorial: Interaction Between Hyaluronic Acid and Its Receptors (CD44, RHAMM) Regulates the Activity of Inflammation and Cancer. Front. Immunol. 2016;7:00039.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00039pmc: PMC4745048pubmed: 26904028google scholar: lookup
  50. Mercer M.A., McKenzie H.C., Byron C.R., Pleasant R.S., Bogers S.H., Council-Troche R.M., Werre S.R., Burns T., Davis J.L.. Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Efficacy of Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) in Adult Horses with Mechanically Induced Lameness. Equine Vet. J. 2023;55:524–533.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13601pubmed: 35633196google scholar: lookup
  51. Almaawi A., Wang H.T., Ciobanu O., Rowas S.A.L., Rampersad S., Antoniou J., Mwale F.. Effect of Acetaminophen and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Gene Expression of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Tissue Eng. Part A 2013;19:1039–1046.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0129pubmed: 23231452google scholar: lookup
  52. Wang X., Wu Q., Liu A., Anadón A., Rodríguez J.-L., Martínez-Larrañaga M.-R., Yuan Z., Martínez M.-A.. Paracetamol: Overdose-Induced Oxidative Stress Toxicity, Metabolism, and Protective Effects of Various Compounds in Vivo and in Vitro. Drug Metab. Rev. 2017;49:395–437.
    doi: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1354014pubmed: 28766385google scholar: lookup
  53. Wang P., Cui Y., Wang J., Liu D., Tian Y., Liu K., Wang X., Liu L., He Y., Pei Y.. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Protect against Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity by Secreting Regenerative Cytokine Hepatocyte Growth Factor. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2022;13:94.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-022-02754-xpmc: PMC8895877pubmed: 35246254google scholar: lookup
  54. Yiang G., Yu Y., Lin K., Chen J., Chang W., Wei C.. Acetaminophen Induces JNK/P38 Signaling and Activates the Caspase-9-3-Dependent Cell Death Pathway in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2015;36:485–492.
    doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2254pmc: PMC4501662pubmed: 26096646google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,928 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.