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BMC veterinary research2025; 21(1); 32; doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04494-5

In vitro evaluation of anthelmintic activity of biocompatibile carbon quantum dot nanocomposite against egg and larval stages of equine strongyles.

Abstract: Strongyle nematodes pose a major challenge in veterinary parasitology, causing significant economic losses in livestock due to resistance to conventional treatments. Current anthelmintics, like Ivermectin, often encounter resistance issues. This study aims to address these gaps by synthesizing Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) and Copper-Doped CQDs (Cu@CQDs) using glucose extract, and evaluating their nematicidal properties against strongyles in vitro. We assessed the nematicidal effects of CQDs and Cu@CQDs through larval feeding inhibition of first-stage larvae (L1), egg hatch inhibition (EHI), and the mobility and mortality of infectious larvae (L3s). Additionally, we conducted ultrastructural examinations of eggs and larvae and evaluated oxidative/nitrosative stress indicators, including total antioxidant status (TAS), protein carbonylation (PCO), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and oxidative DNA damage in homogenized samples of L3s. Results: The synthesized CQDs displayed semi-spherical morphology with diameters under 30 nm. Cu@CQDs at 12.5 µg/ml achieved over 90% EHI and larval motility inhibition. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed over 90% larval feeding inhibition at the same concentration. Both CQDs and Cu@CQDs induced oxidative stress, indicated by decreased TAS and increased MDA, PCO, and oxidative DNA damage. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed that CQDs and Cu@CQDs penetrated the larvae cuticle, altered the tegument, caused larval mortality, and resulted in egg deformities. Conclusions: Given the potential for resistance to Ivermectin, seeking suitable alternatives is essential. Cu@CQDs exhibit effects similar to Ivermectin, indicating their potential as novel antiparasitic agents against strongyles. These findings emphasize the importance of exploring alternative treatments to address resistance and enhance nematode control efficacy.
© 2025. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2025-01-22 PubMed ID: 39844158PubMed Central: PMC11753018DOI: 10.1186/s12917-025-04494-5Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the effectiveness of a newly made and tested nanocomposite, Carbon Quantum Dots doped with Copper (Cu@CQDs), in combating resistant parasite nematodes in livestock. The in vitro study showed promising results, suggesting Cu@CQDs could be a potential alternative to Ivermectin, a widely used antiparasitic drug experiencing increasing resistance.

Overview of the Research

  • The research focuses on strongyles, a type of nematode (worm) that affects livestock and is often resistant to conventional treatments. The economic impact of strongyles is immense due to the loss of livestock industry faces.
  • The study introduces a new treatment using Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) and Copper-Doped CQDs (Cu@CQDs) synthesized from glucose extracts. The study aims to evaluate the antiparasitic properties of these synthesized compounds.
  • The research measures how Cu@CQDs and CQDs affect nematodes by observing changes in the first-stage larvae’s feeding habits, the rate of egg-hatching, and the mortality and mobility of infectious larvae.

Key Findings of the Study

  • The study observes that the synthesized CQDs have a semi-spherical shape with diameters under 30 nm. Utilizing Cu@CQDs at a concentration of 12.5 µg/ml results in over 90% egg hatch, and larval motility inhibition.
  • Using fluorescence microscopy, the researchers find a similar decrease in larval feeding at the same concentration. Both CQDs and Cu@CQDs induce oxidative stress, represented by lower total antioxidant status (TAS) and increased protein carbonylation (PCO), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and oxidative DNA damage.
  • Scanning Electron Microscopy shows that Cu@CQDs and CQDs penetrate the larvae cuticle, modifying the tegument (outer skin layer of larvae), causing mortality in larvae, and resulting in egg deformities.

Conclusions and Significance

  • The study concludes that Cu@CQDs show potential as a novel anthelmintic agent due to their similar efficacy like Ivermectin. This could be a significant step towards combating the growing issue of drug resistance among nematodes.
  • The research underlines the critical need for exploring alternative treatment methods to traditional anthelmintics to improve nematode control efficacy and manage the problem of resistance.

Cite This Article

APA
Fakheri A, Esmaeilnejad B, Akbari H, Molaei R. (2025). In vitro evaluation of anthelmintic activity of biocompatibile carbon quantum dot nanocomposite against egg and larval stages of equine strongyles. BMC Vet Res, 21(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04494-5

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 32
PII: 32

Researcher Affiliations

Fakheri, Armin
  • Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Esmaeilnejad, Bijan
  • Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. b.esmaeilnejad@urmia.ac.ir.
Akbari, Hamid
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
Molaei, Rahim
  • Materials Synthesis Laboratory, Carbon Tech Industrial Group, Carbon Tech, Tehran, Iran.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Quantum Dots / chemistry
  • Larva / drug effects
  • Anthelmintics / pharmacology
  • Carbon / pharmacology
  • Nanocomposites / chemistry
  • Ovum / drug effects
  • Strongyloidea / drug effects
  • Horses
  • Copper / pharmacology
  • Oxidative Stress / drug effects

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: All of the protocols were approved by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine’s Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments at Urmia University (IR-UU-AEC-3/73). Every procedure was carried out in accordance with the relevant laws and standards. The study was conducted in compliance with the ARRIVE standards. The owner(s) of the animals gave their informed consent for us to use them in the study. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent to publish: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. López-Abán J, Vicente-Santiago B, Gutiérrez-Soto G, Rodríguez-Garza NE, Kačániová M, López-Sandin I, Romo-Sáenz CI, Ballesteros-Torres JM, Galaviz-Silva L, Castillo-Velázquez U, Garzoli S, Elizondo-Luévano JH. Emerging Approaches to Anthelmintic Therapy Using Medicinal Plants and Phytochemicals: A Review of Natural Products Against Strongyloidiasis. Pathogens 2025 Aug 23;14(9).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens14090842pubmed: 41011741google scholar: lookup
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