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BMC infectious diseases2025; 25(1); 356; doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-10737-5

Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in free-ranged livestock on the southeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China.

Abstract: Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are zoonotic pathogens with global distribution, infecting humans and various livestock. For yaks, Tibetan sheep and horses, the traditional grazing models still hold a main position. After these animals become infected, it not only hinders the development of animal husbandry but also increases the risk of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi transmission between livestock and herdsmen. Methods: In the present study, a total of 750 fecal samples were collected from yaks, Tibetan sheep and horses in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province, from July to August 2023, and were analyzed by nested Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Cryptosporidium spp. and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene of E. bieneusi. Results: The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., and E. bieneusi were 2.1% (16/750) and 1.5% (11/750), respectively. Mixed infections of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi were detected in two samples. Among these positive fecal samples, one Cryptosporidium species (Cryptosporidium suis) was identified in the yaks (n = 11), Tibetan sheep (n = 1), and horses (n = 4). Three E. bieneusi genotypes, including a known genotype BEB4 and two novel ones SQY1 and SQY2, were identified in the yaks (n = 7), while in Tibetan sheep (n = 4) only the known genotype BEB4 was detected. The novel genotype SQY1 was grouped into the human-pathogenic Group 1, and the known genotype BEB4 and the novel genotype SQY2 were grouped into Group 2. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was not detected in horses. Conclusions: Cryptosporidium suis was identified in yaks and horses while zoonotic E. bieneusi genotype BEB4 in Tibetan sheep for the first time, expanding their host ranges. These findings suggested that yaks, Tibetan sheep and horses could act as potential sources of human Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi infections, implying that the presence of zoonotic species/genotypes could pose a threat to public health.
© 2025. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2025-03-13 PubMed ID: 40082808PubMed Central: PMC11907973DOI: 10.1186/s12879-025-10737-5Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Research Overview

  • This study investigated the presence of two zoonotic pathogens, Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, in free-ranging livestock (yaks, Tibetan sheep, and horses) on the southeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in China.
  • The research aimed to assess infection rates and identify specific genotypes to better understand the potential risk of transmission to humans and impacts on animal husbandry.

Background and Importance

  • Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are pathogens known to infect a wide range of hosts including humans and livestock worldwide.
  • Infected animals may experience health issues which can harm animal husbandry development.
  • Traditional grazing practices in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau mean animals such as yaks, Tibetan sheep, and horses are commonly free-ranging, raising concerns about cross-species transmission.
  • This creates a potential public health risk for herdsmen and local populations in contact with these animals.

Methods

  • A total of 750 fecal samples collected from yaks, Tibetan sheep, and horses in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province between July and August 2023.
  • Samples were tested for Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi DNA using nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques:
    • Small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene targeted for Cryptosporidium spp.
    • Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene targeted for E. bieneusi.

Key Findings

  • Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 2.1% (16 positive samples out of 750).
  • Prevalence of E. bieneusi was 1.5% (11 positive samples out of 750).
  • Mixed infection with both pathogens found in two samples.
  • Only one Cryptosporidium species, Cryptosporidium suis, was identified across all positive cases from yaks (11), Tibetan sheep (1), and horses (4).
  • Three E. bieneusi genotypes detected:
    • Known genotype BEB4 found in yaks (7) and Tibetan sheep (4).
    • Two novel genotypes, SQY1 and SQY2, found only in yaks.
  • The novel SQY1 genotype belongs to Group 1, which is associated with human pathogenicity, suggesting potential zoonotic risk.
  • Genotype BEB4 and novel genotype SQY2 belong to Group 2.
  • No E. bieneusi was detected in horses.

Conclusions and Implications

  • This is the first report of Cryptosporidium suis infecting yaks and horses in this region, expanding knowledge about host species.
  • Zoonotic genotype BEB4 of E. bieneusi was found in Tibetan sheep for the first time.
  • The identification of zoonotic species and genotypes in free-ranging livestock suggests these animals are potential reservoirs for human infection.
  • The study highlights a public health concern for herdsmen and residents due to the proximity and interaction with infected animals.
  • Results emphasize the need for surveillance, control strategies, and potentially modifying grazing practices to reduce transmission risk.

Cite This Article

APA
Peng X, Wang X, Jian J, Zuo Q, Liu H, Wang Y, Su Y, Cao J, Jiang B, Shen Y. (2025). Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in free-ranged livestock on the southeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China. BMC Infect Dis, 25(1), 356. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10737-5

Publication

BMC infectious diseases
ISSN: 1471-2334
NlmUniqueID: 100968551
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
Pages: 356
PII: 356

Researcher Affiliations

Peng, Xiaoxue
  • National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
Wang, Xu
  • National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
Jian, Jinhua
  • National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
  • School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China.
Zuo, Qingqiu
  • National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
Liu, Hua
  • National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
Wang, Yaxue
  • National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
Su, Yaxin
  • National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
Cao, Jianping
  • National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
Jiang, Bin
  • National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
Shen, Yujuan
  • National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China. shenyj@nipd.chinacdc.cn.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Enterocytozoon / genetics
  • Enterocytozoon / isolation & purification
  • Enterocytozoon / classification
  • Cryptosporidium / genetics
  • Cryptosporidium / isolation & purification
  • Cryptosporidium / classification
  • Cryptosporidiosis / epidemiology
  • Cryptosporidiosis / parasitology
  • Microsporidiosis / veterinary
  • Microsporidiosis / epidemiology
  • Microsporidiosis / microbiology
  • China / epidemiology
  • Sheep
  • Feces / parasitology
  • Feces / microbiology
  • Cattle
  • Horses
  • Livestock / parasitology
  • Livestock / microbiology
  • Prevalence
  • Phylogeny

Grant Funding

  • 82372283 and 82072307 / National Nature Science Foundation of China

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The aim and the protocol of this study have been reviewed and approved by the Laboratory Animal Welfare & Ethics committee of the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China (IPD-2023-20). Permission was obtained from the animals’ owners prior to the collection of fecal samples. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Zuo Q, Bianba Z, Xue C, Liu H, Peng X, Zhou H, Zhang X, Chen Q, Li M, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Cao J, Yin J, Wang X, Shen Y. Infections and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in small wild mammals on the Eastern Tibetan plateau: public health implications.. BMC Microbiol 2025 Oct 2;25(1):616.
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  2. Tang TC, Jike RH, Zhu LQ, Chen CX, Hao LL. Molecular Epidemiological Survey of Cryptosporidium in Ochotona curzoniae and Bos grunniens of Zoige County, Sichuan Province.. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jul 19;15(14).
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