FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
BMC veterinary research2024; 20(1); 102; doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-03954-8

Invitro antibacterial activity of bark, leaf and root extracts of combretum molle plant against streptococcus equi isolated from clinical cases of strangles in donkeys and horses.

Abstract: Effective therapy for many infections is becoming difficult due to the evolutionary development of drug resistance, and hence, the development of alternative treatment options mainly from herbs is crucial. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effects of ethanol extracts of stem bark, leaves and roots of Combretum molle against Streptococcus equi isolated from clinical cases of strangles using in vitro tests. Methods: Plant extraction was performed using a maceration technique with 80% ethanol. The mean zone of inhibition was determined using the agar well diffusion method. Six serial dilutions with different concentrations (10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.625% and 0.3125%) of each plant extract were prepared using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). A modified agar microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of the extracts. Results: The results revealed that all plant extracts showed significant antibacterial activity. The root extract showed the best antibacterial effect compared to the others at all concentrations, with MZI values of 27.5, 23.225, 20.5, 17.9, 15.65 and 12.25 for the respective concentrations mentioned above and an MIC of 250 µg/ml. It was followed by the stem bark extract, which had MZI values of 24.67, 22.35, 18.225, 16.175, 11.125 and 8.2 millimeters and an MIC of 375 µg/ml. The leaf extract also had significant activity, with MZI values of 20.175, 18.25, 15.7, 13.125, 9.4 and 6.75 in millimeters and an MIC of 500 µg/ml. There was a direct relationship between the concentrations of the plant extracts and the level of inhibition. Conclusions: The test plant extracts were compared with the conventional antibiotic penicillin G, and the results indicated that the parts of the test plant have significant antibacterial activity, which may support traditional claims and could be candidates for alternative drug discoveries.
© 2024. The Author(s).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-03-13 PubMed ID: 38481214PubMed Central: PMC10935832DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03954-8Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigated the antibacterial effects of ethanol extracts from the bark, leaves, and roots of the Combretum molle plant against Streptococcus equi, the bacterium responsible for strangles in donkeys and horses, using in vitro laboratory methods.

Introduction and Background

  • Many bacterial infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to the rise of drug-resistant strains.
  • This creates an urgent need for alternative therapies, especially from natural sources like medicinal plants.
  • Combretum molle is a medicinal plant traditionally used for various treatments and is being explored scientifically for its potential antibacterial properties.
  • Streptococcus equi is a significant pathogen causing strangles, a highly contagious respiratory infection in horses and donkeys.

Objectives

  • To evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts from the bark, leaves, and roots of Combretum molle against Streptococcus equi isolated from clinical strangles cases.
  • To determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of these extracts.
  • To compare these plant extracts’ antibacterial effects with a conventional antibiotic, penicillin G.

Methods

  • Plant Extraction: Plant materials (bark, leaves, roots) were extracted using a maceration technique with 80% ethanol.
  • Antibacterial Testing:
    • The agar well diffusion method was used to measure the mean zone of inhibition (MZI), indicating antibacterial effect.
    • Six different concentrations of each extract (ranging from 0.3125% to 10%) were tested, diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
    • Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), the smallest amount of extract that inhibits bacterial growth, were determined using a modified agar microdilution method.

Results

  • All extracts demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus equi.
  • Root extract:
    • Had the strongest antibacterial effect at all tested concentrations.
    • Mean zone of inhibition values ranged from 27.5 mm (highest concentration) to 12.25 mm (lowest concentration).
    • Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 250 µg/ml, indicating a relatively strong antibacterial property.
  • Stem bark extract:
    • Showed moderate activity with MZI values from 24.67 mm down to 8.2 mm as concentration decreased.
    • MIC was 375 µg/ml.
  • Leaf extract:
    • Had the least but still significant antibacterial activity with MZI values from 20.175 mm to 6.75 mm.
    • MIC was 500 µg/ml.
  • A clear dose-dependent relationship was observed: higher extract concentrations led to greater bacterial inhibition.
  • Plant extracts’ antibacterial effects were compared favorably with penicillin G, a standard antibiotic used against Streptococcus equi.

Conclusions

  • The ethanol extracts from Combretum molle bark, leaves, and roots exhibit substantial inhibitory effects against Streptococcus equi in vitro.
  • The root extract showed the highest potency, suggesting it could be prioritized for developing alternative antibacterial agents.
  • These findings support traditional medicinal uses of Combretum molle and indicate potential for developing novel plant-based treatments to address antibiotic resistance issues.
  • Further research, including in vivo studies and isolation of active components, is needed to advance these extracts towards clinical application.

Cite This Article

APA
Emiru AY, Regassa F, Endebu Duguma B, Kassaye A, Desyebelew B. (2024). Invitro antibacterial activity of bark, leaf and root extracts of combretum molle plant against streptococcus equi isolated from clinical cases of strangles in donkeys and horses. BMC Vet Res, 20(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-03954-8

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 102
PII: 102

Researcher Affiliations

Emiru, Ayechew Yetayeh
  • School of Veterinary Medicine, Woldia University, North Wollo, Ethiopia. ayechewyetayeh@gmail.com.
Regassa, Fekadu
  • College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
Endebu Duguma, Bojia
  • Donkey sanctuary Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Kassaye, Asmamaw
  • Donkey sanctuary Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Desyebelew, Belay
  • Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Combretum
  • Streptococcus equi
  • Equidae
  • Plant Bark
  • Agar
  • Plant Extracts / therapeutic use
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / pharmacology
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use
  • Microbial Sensitivity Tests / veterinary
  • Ethanol

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

References

This article includes 39 references
  1. Chhabra D, Bhatia T, Goutam U, Manuja A, Kumar B. Strangles in equines: an overview.. Microb Pathog 2023;178:106070.
    doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106070pubmed: 36924902google scholar: lookup
  2. Andrew S, Waller R, Paillot JF, Timoney. Streptococcus equi: a pathogen restricted to one host.. J Med Microbiol 2011;60.
    pubmed: 21757503doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.028233-0google scholar: lookup
  3. Pritchard J, Lindberg AC, Main DCJ, Whay HR. Assessment of the welfare of working horses, mules and donkeys, using health and behavior parameters.. Preventive veterinary medicine 2005;69:265–83.
    pubmed: 15907574doi: 10.1016google scholar: lookup
  4. Dharvi Chhabra T, Bhatia U, Goutam A, Manuja BK. Strangles in equines: an overview.. Microb Pathogenesis 2023;178:0882–4010.
    doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106070pubmed: 36924902google scholar: lookup
  5. Lefevre CP, Blancou J, Chermette R, Uilenberg G. Infectious diseases of Livestocks. 2010;1 ed. Paris, Lavaisier, pp: 909–915.
  6. Joana D, Fonseca DE, Mavrides AL, Morgan, Jea G, Na, Peter A, Graham, Timothy DMH. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with equine respiratory disease in the United Kingdom.. Vet record 2020;187(5):189–9.
    pubmed: 32444507doi: 10.1136/vr.105842google scholar: lookup
  7. Suleiman M, McGaw L, Naidoo V, Eloff J. Detection of antimicrobial compounds by bioautography of different extracts of leaves of selected South African tree species.. AJTACM 2010;7:64–78.
    pmc: PMC3005382pubmed: 21304615
  8. Devi K, Karthikai G, Thirumaran G, Arumugam R, Anantharaman P. Antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants from Parangipettai coastal regions; Southeast coast of India.. AJPS 2010;3:122–5.
  9. Sharma A, Verma R, Ramteke P. Antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by tribals against uti causing pathogens.. WAS J 2009;7:332–9.
  10. Shewit K, Mekonnen H, Gebremedhin G, Tsegay T, Samson S. In-vitro antimicrobial activity of some ethno-vetrinary medicinal plants traditionally used against mastitis, wound and gastrointestinal tract complication in Tigray Region.. Ethiopia Apjtb 2012;2:516–22.
    doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60088-4pmc: PMC3609345pubmed: 23569962google scholar: lookup
  11. Freeman. Anti-microbial resistance; implication for the clinician.. J CCN 1997;20:21–35.
    pubmed: 9392754
  12. Samie A, Tambani T, Harshfield E, Green E. Antifungal activities of selected venda medicinal plants against Candida albicans, Candidiakrusei and Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from South African AIDS patients.. J B 2010;9:265–76.
  13. Edwards R. No remedy insights for herbal ransack.. New Sci 2004;181:10–1.
  14. Giday M, Asfaw Z, Woldu Z. Medicinal plants of the Meinit ethnic group of Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical study.. J Ethnopharmacol 2009;124:513–21.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.009pubmed: 19454310google scholar: lookup
  15. Waller AS, Sellon DC, Sweeney CR, Peter J, Timoney JR, Newton MT, Hines, Saunders WB. Pages 265–277.e4, ISBN 9781455708918, 10.1016/B978-1-4557-0891-8.00028-2.
    doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0891-8.00028-2google scholar: lookup
  16. Aghark S. Medicinal plants of Bomby presidency. Public Sci Publishing 1991;1:230.
  17. Fichtl R, Adi A. Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Margraf Verlag: Weikersheim Pp; 1998. p. 267.
  18. Asres K, Bucar F, Knauder E, Yardley V, Kendrick H, Croft SL. In vitro antiprotozoal activity of extract and compounds from the stem bark of Combretum molle. Phytother Res 15(7):613-7.
    pubmed: 11746844doi: 10.1002/ptr.897google scholar: lookup
  19. Kinde H, Regassa F, Asaye M, Wubie A. The in-Vitro Antibacterial Effect of three selected plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis. J Veterinar Sci Technol 2015;13:001.
    doi: 10.4172/2157-7579.1000S13-001google scholar: lookup
  20. Parusnath M, Naidoo Y, Singh M, Rihan H, Dewir YH. Phytochemical Composition of Combretum molle (R. Br. Ex G. Don.) Engl. & Diels Leaf and Stem extracts. Plants 2023;19(8):1702.
    doi: 10.3390/plants12081702pmc: PMC10144686pubmed: 37111925google scholar: lookup
  21. Darmasu K, Muhammad Isma’Ila, Yuguda U. Antibacterial Effect of Root fractions of Combretum Molle (R.Br. Ex.G.Don) against selected pathogens. Bima J Sci Technol 2020;3(2):2536–6041.
  22. Kaleab A, Avijit M, Franz B. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts of Combretum Molle. Ethiop Med J 44, 2.
    pubmed: 17447394
  23. Alfred O. Antibacterial Efficacy and Safety of Selected Kenyan Medicinal Plants a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of a Doctor of Philosophy Degree (PhD) in the Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology in the School of Pure and Applied Sciences of Kenyatta University. .
  24. Motanti M. Isolation and characterization of antifungal and antibacterial compounds from Combretum Molle leaf extracts. Fulfillment of the requirements for degree (veterinary science). University of Pretoria; 2017.
  25. Worku H. Impact of physical soil and Water Conservation structure on selected soil Physicochemical properties in Gondar Zuriya Woreda. Sci Acad Publishing 2017;7(2):40–8.
  26. Getachew Mulugeta. Vegetation dynamics of Area Enclosure practices: a case of Gonder Zuria District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. J Nat Sci Res 2014;4(7):2224–3186.
  27. Hamed Sheashe Badier, Kafrelsheikh. Isolation and identification of Streptococcus Equi subspecies Equi from equine which suffer from strangles. Vet Med J 2009;10:370–83.
  28. Seyum F, Mahendra P. Clinical and microbiological observations on strangles in donkeys. Haryana Vet 2015;54:64–6.
  29. Tanih N, Okeleye B, Clarke A, Naidoo M, LMNdip N. Marked susceptibility of South African Helicobacter pylori strains to ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin: clinical implications. South Afr Med J 2010;100:49–52.
    pubmed: 20429489
  30. Quinn P, Carter M, Markey B, Carter G. Clinical veterinary microbiology. London: Mosby International Limited, UK; 1999.
  31. Masota NE, Vogg G, Ohlsen K, Holzgrabe U. Reproducibility challenges in the search for antibacterial compounds from nature. PLoS ONE 2021;16(7):e0255437.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255437pmc: PMC8321225pubmed: 34324599google scholar: lookup
  32. . BSAC methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. (2013).
  33. Samania A, Monache F, Samania E, Cuneo R. Antibacterial activity of steroidal compounds isolated from ganoderma applanatum fruit body. Int J Med Mushrooms 1999;1:325–30.
    doi: 10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v1.i4.40google scholar: lookup
  34. Bishnu J, Sunil L, Anuja S. Antibacterial property of different medicinal plants ocimum sanctum cinnamomum zeylanicum xanthoxylum armatum and origanum majorana. Kathmandu Univ J Sci Eng Technol 2009;5(1):143–50.
  35. Bastos H, Antão M, Silva S, Azevedo A, Manita I. Association of polymorphisms in genes of the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway and thyroid cancer risk. Thyroid 2009;19:1067–75.
    doi: 10.1089/thy.2009.0099pubmed: 19772428google scholar: lookup
  36. Gary P, Wormser Y-W, Tang. Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine, 5th Edition Edited by Victor Lorain Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 832 pp., illustrated. Clinical Infectious Diseases Volume 41, Issue 4, Page 577 (2005).
  37. Ndip R, Malange A, Mbullah S, Luma H, Malongue A. In vitro anti-helicobacter pylori activity of extracts of selected medicinal plants from North West Cameroon. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;114:452–7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.037pubmed: 17913416google scholar: lookup
  38. Raghavendra M, Satish S, Raveesha K. Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Oxalis corniculata, a known medicinal plant. My Sci 2006;1:72–8.
  39. Wintola OA, Afolayan AJ. The antibacterial, phytochemicals and antioxidants evaluation of the root extracts of Hydnora africanaThunb. Used as antidysenteric in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. BMC Complement Altern Med 2015;4:307.
    doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0835-9pmc: PMC4558922pubmed: 26335685google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 100,191 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.