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Transboundary and emerging diseases2019; 66(5); 1884-1893; doi: 10.1111/tbed.13218

Isolation and characterization of equine influenza virus (H3N8) from an equine influenza outbreak in Malaysia in 2015.

Abstract: Equine influenza is a major cause of respiratory infections in horses and can spread rapidly despite the availability of commercial vaccines. In this study, we carried out molecular characterization of Equine Influenza Virus (EIV) isolated from the Malaysian outbreak in 2015 by sequencing of the HA and NA gene segments using Sanger sequencing. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of HA and NA were compared with representative Florida clade 1 and clade 2 strains using phylogenetic analysis. The Florida clade 1 viruses identified in this outbreak revealed numerous amino acid substitutions in the HA protein as compared to the current OIE vaccine strain recommendations and representative strains of circulating Florida sub-lineage clade 1 and clade 2. Differences in HA included amino acids located within antigenic sites which could lead to reduced immune recognition of the outbreak strain and alter the effectiveness of vaccination against the outbreak strain. Detailed surveillance and genetic information sharing could allow genetic drift of equine influenza viruses to be monitored more effectively on a global basis and aid in refinement of vaccine strain selection for EIV.
© 2019 The Authors. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Published by Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
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Publication Date: 2019-05-22 PubMed ID: 31059176PubMed Central: PMC6852086DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13218Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research article discusses a study of the equine influenza virus (H3N8) which caused an outbreak in Malaysia in 2015. The researchers analyzed the molecular features of the virus and compared it with existing vaccine strains. This comparison revealed significant differences, potentially affecting vaccine effectiveness.

Extraction and Study of the Equine Influenza Virus

  • The researchers conducted an investigation on the equine influenza virus (EIV), specifically H3N8, which instigated an outbreak in Malaysia in 2015. They carried out a molecular characterization of the virus in order to gain more insight into its properties.
  • The research team performed the sequencing of the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) gene segments of the virus using the Sanger sequencing method. These two parts of the virus particle are vital in viral replication and are often used in classification and subtyping of influenza viruses.

Comparison and Phylogenetic Analysis

  • After obtaining the genetic sequences, these were compared to those of representative strains belonging to the Florida clade 1 and clade 2, two known subtypes of the EIV.
  • Phylogenetic analysis—a technique used to map the evolutionary relationships between different organisms or species—was used for the comparison. This allowed the researchers to understand how closely related the 2015 Malaysian outbreak strain was to the representative Florida clade strains.

Significant Differences and Implications

  • The comparison revealed several significant disparities. There were numerous amino acid changes in the HA protein of the sampled EIV as compared to the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) current vaccine strain recommendations and the representative strains of the Florida clade 1 and clade 2.
  • These differences include alterations within the antigenic sites of the HA protein. Antigenic sites are specific parts of a virus to which an immune response is directed. Any changes in these can potentially affect the immune recognition of the virus and the effectiveness of vaccination against it.

Suggestions and Future Research

  • The research team suggested that thorough surveillance and sharing of genetic information will be crucial to track genetic shifts in equine influenza viruses more effectively on a global scale. This could enable a more proactive approach in refining vaccine strain selections for the EIV.
  • A better understanding of these genetic variations would allow for the development and utilization of more effective vaccines, ensuring a more adaptive and efficient response to future outbreaks.

Cite This Article

APA
Toh X, Soh ML, Ng MK, Yap SC, Harith N, Fernandez CJ, Huangfu T. (2019). Isolation and characterization of equine influenza virus (H3N8) from an equine influenza outbreak in Malaysia in 2015. Transbound Emerg Dis, 66(5), 1884-1893. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13218

Publication

Transboundary and emerging diseases
ISSN: 1865-1682
NlmUniqueID: 101319538
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 66
Issue: 5
Pages: 1884-1893

Researcher Affiliations

Toh, Xinyu
  • Centre for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Professional and Scientific Services, Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board, Singapore City, Singapore.
Soh, Moi Lien
  • Centre for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Professional and Scientific Services, Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board, Singapore City, Singapore.
Ng, Mee Keun
  • Centre for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Professional and Scientific Services, Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board, Singapore City, Singapore.
Yap, Shew Choo
  • Centre for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Professional and Scientific Services, Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board, Singapore City, Singapore.
Harith, Nurshilla
  • Centre for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Professional and Scientific Services, Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board, Singapore City, Singapore.
Fernandez, Charlene Judith
  • Centre for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Professional and Scientific Services, Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board, Singapore City, Singapore.
Huangfu, Taoqi
  • Centre for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Professional and Scientific Services, Animal and Veterinary Service, National Parks Board, Singapore City, Singapore.

MeSH Terms

  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Amino Acid Substitution
  • Animals
  • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
  • Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / genetics
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / genetics
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / isolation & purification
  • Malaysia / epidemiology
  • Nasopharynx / virology
  • Neuraminidase / genetics
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
  • Phylogeny
  • Sequence Alignment / veterinary
  • Vaccination / veterinary
  • Viral Proteins / genetics

Grant Funding

  • Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority, National Parks Board

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
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