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Leishmania spp. in equids and their potential vectors in endemic areas of canine leishmaniasis.
Abstract: Equids may be infected by zoonotic Leishmania spp., including Leishmania infantum, in regions where canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is endemic, and Leishmania martiniquensis, which has been reported in horses from Central Europe. This study was designed to evaluate the occurrence of both Leishmania spp. among equids living in CanL endemic areas of Italy, as well as to identify dipteran vectors from the same habitats. From March to October 2023, blood, serum and tissue samples from skin lesions were collected from equids (n = 98; n = 56 donkeys and n = 42 horses) living in Italy, as well as sand flies and biting midges. Blood samples (n = 98) and skin lesions (n = 56) were tested for Leishmania spp. by conventional and real time PCRs and sera were tested by immunofluorescence antibody tests (IFAT) for both L. infantum and L. martiniquensis. Insects were morphologically identified, and female specimens (n = 268 sand flies, n = 7 biting midges) analyzed for Leishmania DNA, as well as engorged sand flies (n = 16) for blood-meal detection. Two animals with skin lesions (i.e., one donkey and one horse) scored positive for Leishmania spp. DNA, and 19 animals (i.e., 19.4%; n = 13 donkeys and n = 6 horses) were seropositive for L. infantum, with five of them also for L. martiniquensis. Most seropositive animals had no dermatological lesions (i.e., 68.4%) while both animals molecularly positive for Leishmania spp. scored seronegative. Of the 356 sand flies collected, 12 females (i.e., n = 8 Sergentomyia minuta; n = 3 Phlebotomus perniciosus, n = 1 Phlebotomus perfiliewi) were positive for Leishmania spp. DNA, and one out of seven biting midges collected was DNA-positive for L. infantum. Moreover, engorged sand flies scored positive for human and equine DNA. Data suggest that equids living in CanL endemic areas are exposed to Leishmania spp., but their role in the circulation of the parasite needs further investigations.
Copyright: © 2024 Carbonara et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Publication Date: 2024-07-18 PubMed ID: 39024365PubMed Central: PMC11257397DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012290Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
Overview
- This study investigated the presence of Leishmania parasites in horses and donkeys living in areas of Italy where canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is common.
- Researchers also examined blood-sucking insects from these locations to identify potential vectors transmitting Leishmania species.
Background
- Leishmania spp. are parasites responsible for leishmaniasis, a disease affecting both animals and humans.
- Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is endemic in some regions of Italy.
- Equids (horses and donkeys) can also be infected with zoonotic Leishmania species, including L. infantum and L. martiniquensis.
- L. martiniquensis has recently been found in horses in Central Europe but its presence in Italian equids was previously uncertain.
- Sand flies are the primary vectors transmitting Leishmania parasites, while biting midges may also be involved.
Study Objective
- To determine whether equids living in areas of Italy endemic for canine leishmaniasis carry Leishmania spp., including both L. infantum and L. martiniquensis.
- To identify and test potential insect vectors (sand flies and biting midges) from these same habitats for the presence of Leishmania DNA.
Methods
- Sample Collection:
- 98 equids sampled between March and October 2023 (56 donkeys and 42 horses).
- Samples included blood (all animals), serum, and tissue from skin lesions (56 animals with lesions).
- Insect vectors collected included 268 female sand flies and 7 biting midges.
- Additionally, 16 engorged (blood-fed) sand flies were collected for blood meal analysis.
- Testing Procedures:
- Conventional and real-time PCR tests were used to detect Leishmania DNA in blood and tissue samples.
- Serological testing via immunofluorescence antibody tests (IFAT) was performed to detect antibodies against both L. infantum and L. martiniquensis.
- Insects were morphologically identified and tested for Leishmania DNA.
- Blood meal analysis on engorged sand flies determined the source species of their most recent blood meal (human, equine, etc.).
Key Findings
- Equid Infection and Antibody Status:
- Two animals (one donkey and one horse) with skin lesions tested positive for Leishmania DNA.
- 19 out of 98 equids (19.4%) were seropositive for L. infantum antibodies (13 donkeys, 6 horses).
- Among the seropositive, five animals also showed antibodies against L. martiniquensis.
- Most seropositive animals (68.4%) did not have visible skin lesions, suggesting asymptomatic exposure.
- The two animals positive by molecular tests (PCR) were seronegative, indicating possible early infection or immune response variability.
- Insect Vector Analysis:
- Out of 356 sand flies collected, 12 females tested positive for Leishmania DNA:
- 8 were Sergentomyia minuta, typically not considered main vectors.
- 3 were Phlebotomus perniciosus, a known vector of L. infantum.
- 1 was Phlebotomus perfiliewi, also a recognized vector species.
- One out of seven biting midges also tested positive for L. infantum DNA, suggesting potential involvement in transmission.
- Blood meal analysis of engorged sand flies revealed feeding on humans and equids, confirming potential for cross-species parasite transmission.
- Out of 356 sand flies collected, 12 females tested positive for Leishmania DNA:
Conclusions and Implications
- Equids in areas endemic for canine leishmaniasis in Italy are exposed to Leishmania spp., demonstrated by both direct molecular detection and seropositivity.
- The presence of antibodies against L. martiniquensis in equids highlights previously unreported exposure in this region.
- Detection of Leishmania DNA in sand flies and biting midges from the same habitats supports their role as vectors transmitting the parasite.
- Some sand fly species positive for Leishmania DNA may not be the classical vectors, indicating possible broader involvement of various dipterans.
- The role of equids in maintaining and spreading Leishmania parasites remains unclear and warrants further investigation.
- Understanding equid infection may have implications for public health and disease control strategies in endemic regions.
Cite This Article
APA
Carbonara M, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Bezerra-Santos MA, de Abreu Teles PP, Lia RP, Locantore F, Iatta R, Volf P, Otranto D.
(2024).
Leishmania spp. in equids and their potential vectors in endemic areas of canine leishmaniasis.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 18(7), e0012290.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012290 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Dogs
- Horses / parasitology
- Equidae / parasitology
- Leishmania / isolation & purification
- Leishmania / genetics
- Leishmania / classification
- Dog Diseases / parasitology
- Dog Diseases / epidemiology
- Dog Diseases / transmission
- Leishmaniasis / veterinary
- Leishmaniasis / epidemiology
- Leishmaniasis / parasitology
- Leishmaniasis / transmission
- Female
- Insect Vectors / parasitology
- Italy / epidemiology
- Male
- Psychodidae / parasitology
- Horse Diseases / parasitology
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Leishmania infantum / isolation & purification
- Leishmania infantum / genetics
- Ceratopogonidae / parasitology
- Endemic Diseases / veterinary
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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