FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Mol Ecol / Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple sy...
Molecular ecology2021; 31(24); 6407-6421; doi: 10.1111/mec.16267

Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge.

Abstract: The Bering Land Bridge connecting North America and Eurasia was periodically exposed and inundated by oscillating sea levels during the Pleistocene glacial cycles. This land connection allowed the intermittent dispersal of animals, including humans, between Western Beringia (far northeast Asia) and Eastern Beringia (northwest North America), changing the faunal community composition of both continents. The Pleistocene glacial cycles also had profound impacts on temperature, precipitation and vegetation, impacting faunal community structure and demography. While these palaeoenvironmental impacts have been studied in many large herbivores from Beringia (e.g., bison, mammoths, horses), the Pleistocene population dynamics of the diverse guild of carnivorans present in the region are less well understood, due to their lower abundances. In this study, we analyse mitochondrial genome data from ancient brown bears (Ursus arctos; n = 103) and lions (Panthera spp.; n = 39), two megafaunal carnivorans that dispersed into North America during the Pleistocene. Our results reveal striking synchronicity in the population dynamics of Beringian lions and brown bears, with multiple waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge coinciding with glacial periods of low sea levels, as well as synchronous local extinctions in Eastern Beringia during Marine Isotope Stage 3. The evolutionary histories of these two taxa underline the crucial biogeographical role of the Bering Land Bridge in the distribution, turnover and maintenance of megafaunal populations in North America.
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-11-24 PubMed ID: 34748674DOI: 10.1111/mec.16267Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article centers around the migration patterns of lions and brown bears that came to North America through the Bering Land Bridge during the Pleistocene epoch. Detailed analysis of mitochondrial genome data from these species revealed multiple waves of dispersal and specific population dynamics, highlighting the key role of the Bering Land Bridge in species distribution, survival, and evolution.

Concept of Bering Land Bridge and Pleistocene glacial cycles

  • The Bering Land Bridge, a land connection between North America and Eurasia, emerged and disappeared over cycles governed by fluctuating sea levels during the Pleistocene epoch’s glacial cycles.
  • As it periodically appeared, the Bridge enabled the passage of various species from Western Beringia (northeast Asia) to Eastern Beringia (northwest North America) and vice versa, leading to a significant shift in the faunal community composition of both continents.
  • Other than changing the sea levels, the Pleistocene glacial cycles also altered the temperature, rainfall, and vegetation, thereby impacting the animal communities and population demographics.

Lions and Brown Bears in Pleistocene Beringia

  • While many large herbivores from Beringia, like bison, mammoths, horses, etc., have been extensively studied, detailed examination of the Pleistocene carnivorans (meat eaters), such as lions and brown bears, has been lacking due to the scarce presence of their remnants.
  • The research analyzed mitochondrial genome data from 103 ancient brown bears (Ursus arctos) and 39 lions (Panthera spp.), two significant carnivoran species that migrated to North America during the Pleistocene epoch.

Population Dynamics and Evolutionary History

  • The study unveiled a striking synchronicity in the population dynamics of Beringian lions and brown bears, presenting multiple waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge, particularly during times of low sea levels (the glacial periods).
  • It also traced simultaneous localized extinctions of these species in Eastern Beringia during a phase known as Marine Isotope Stage 3.
  • These findings re-emphasize the essential biogeographical function of the Bering Land Bridge in guiding species distribution, survival, and evolution among the megafaunal populations in North America.

Cite This Article

APA
Salis AT, Bray SCE, Lee MSY, Heiniger H, Barnett R, Burns JA, Doronichev V, Fedje D, Golovanova L, Harington CR, Hockett B, Kosintsev P, Lai X, Mackie Q, Vasiliev S, Weinstock J, Yamaguchi N, Meachen JA, Cooper A, Mitchell KJ. (2021). Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge. Mol Ecol, 31(24), 6407-6421. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16267

Publication

Molecular ecology
ISSN: 1365-294X
NlmUniqueID: 9214478
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 31
Issue: 24
Pages: 6407-6421

Researcher Affiliations

Salis, Alexander T
  • Australian Centre for Ancient DNA (ACAD), School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
  • Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA.
Bray, Sarah C E
  • Australian Centre for Ancient DNA (ACAD), School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
  • Registry of Senior Australians (ROSA), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Lee, Michael S Y
  • College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
  • South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Heiniger, Holly
  • Australian Centre for Ancient DNA (ACAD), School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Barnett, Ross
  • Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Burns, James A
  • Curator Emeritus, Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Doronichev, Vladimir
  • ANO Laboratory of Prehistory, St Petersburg, Russia.
Fedje, Daryl
  • Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C, Canada.
Golovanova, Liubov
  • ANO Laboratory of Prehistory, St Petersburg, Russia.
Harington, C Richard
  • Curator Emeritus and Research Associate, Research Division (Paleobiology), Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada.
Hockett, Bryan
  • US Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Nevada State Office, Reno, Nevada, USA.
Kosintsev, Pavel
  • Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
  • Department of History, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
Lai, Xulong
  • State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
Mackie, Quentin
  • Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C, Canada.
Vasiliev, Sergei
  • Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.
Weinstock, Jacobo
  • Faculty of Humanities (Archaeology), University of Southampton, UK.
Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki
  • Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, University Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia.
Meachen, Julie A
  • Anatomy Department, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA.
Cooper, Alan
  • South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Mitchell, Kieren J
  • Australian Centre for Ancient DNA (ACAD), School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
  • Department of Zoology, Otago Palaeogenetics Laboratory, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

MeSH Terms

  • Humans
  • Horses / genetics
  • Animals
  • Ursidae / genetics
  • Lions
  • Phylogeny
  • DNA, Mitochondrial / genetics
  • North America

References

This article includes 102 references
  1. Ardelean CF, Becerra-Valdivia L, Pedersen MW, Schwenninger JL, Oviatt CG, Macías-Quintero JI, Arroyo-Cabrales J, Sikora M, Ocampo-Díaz YZE, Rubio-Cisneros II, Watling JG, de Medeiros VB, De Oliveira PE, Barba-Pingarón L, Ortiz-Butrón A, Blancas-Vázquez J, Rivera-González I, Solís-Rosales C, Rodríguez-Ceja M, Willerslev E. Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 584, 87-92.
    doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0google scholar: lookup
  2. Barnes I, Matheus P, Shapiro B, Jensen D, Cooper A. Dynamics of Pleistocene population extinctions in Beringian brown bears. Science 295(5563), 2267-2270.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1067814google scholar: lookup
  3. Barnett R, Mendoza MLZ, Soares AER, Ho SYW, Zazula G, Yamaguchi N, Shapiro B, Kirillova IV, Larson G, Gilbert MTP. Mitogenomics of the extinct cave lion, Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the Panthera cats. Open Quaternary 2(4), 1-11.
    doi: 10.5334/oq.24google scholar: lookup
  4. Barnett R, Shapiro B, Barnes I, Ho SYW, Burger J, Yamaguchi N, Cooper A. Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity. Molecular Ecology 18(8), 1668-1677.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04134.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  5. Baryshnikov G, Boeskorov G. The Pleistocene cave lion, Panthera spelaea (Carnivora, Felidae) from Yakutia, Russia. Cranium 18, 7-23.
  6. Bielejec F, Lemey P, Baele G, Rambaut A, Suchard MA. Inferring heterogeneous evolutionary processes through time: From sequence substitution to phylogeography. Systematic Biology 63(4), 493-504.
    doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syu015google scholar: lookup
  7. Bouckaert R, Vaughan TG, Barido-Sottani J, Duchêne S, Fourment M, Gavryushkina A, Heled J, Jones G, Kühnert D, De Maio N, Matschiner M, Mendes FK, Müller NF, Ogilvie HA, du Plessis L, Popinga A, Rambaut A, Rasmussen D, Siveroni I, Drummond AJ. BEAST 2.5: An advanced software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis. PLoS Computational Biology 15(4), e1006650.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006650google scholar: lookup
  8. Bray SCE, Austin JJ, Metcalf JL, Østbye K, Østbye E, Lauritzen S-E, Aaris-Sørensen K, Valdiosera C, Adler CJ, Cooper A. Ancient DNA identifies post-glacial recolonisation, not recent bottlenecks, as the primary driver of contemporary mtDNA phylogeography and diversity in Scandinavian brown bears. Diversity and Distributions 19(3), 245-256.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00923.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  9. Cahill JA, Green RE, Fulton TL, Stiller M, Jay F, Ovsyanikov N, Salamzade R, St John J, Stirling I, Slatkin M, Shapiro B. Genomic evidence for island population conversion resolves conflicting theories of polar bear evolution. PLoS Genetics 9(3), e1003345.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003345google scholar: lookup
  10. Cahill JA, Heintzman PD, Harris K, Teasdale MD, Kapp J, Soares AER, Stirling I, Bradley D, Edwards CJ, Graim K, Kisleika AA, Malev AV, Monaghan N, Green RE, Shapiro B. Genomic evidence of widespread admixture from polar bears into brown bears during the last ice age. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35(5), 1120-1129.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy018google scholar: lookup
  11. Cahill JA, Stirling I, Kistler L, Salamzade R, Ersmark E, Fulton TL, Stiller M, Green RE, Shapiro B. Genomic evidence of geographically widespread effect of gene flow from polar bears into brown bears. Molecular Ecology 24(6), 1205-1217.
    doi: 10.1111/mec.13038google scholar: lookup
  12. Campos PF, Willerslev E, Sher A, Orlando L, Axelsson E, Tikhonov A, Aaris-Sorensen K, Greenwood AD, Kahlke R-D, Kosintsev P, Krakhmalnaya T, Kuznetsova T, Lemey P, MacPhee R, Norris CA, Shepherd K, Suchard MA, Zazula GD, Shapiro B, Gilbert MTP. Ancient DNA analyses exclude humans as the driving force behind late Pleistocene musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) population dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107(12), 5675-5680.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0907189107google scholar: lookup
  13. Christiansen P, Harris JM. Craniomandibular morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Panthera atrox: Implications for the evolution and paleobiology of the lion lineage. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29(3), 934-945.
    doi: 10.1671/039.029.0314google scholar: lookup
  14. Colleoni F, Wekerle C, Näslund J-O, Brandefelt J, Masina S. Constraint on the penultimate glacial maximum Northern Hemisphere ice topography (≈140 kyrs BP). Quaternary Science Reviews 137, 97-112.
    doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.01.024google scholar: lookup
  15. Cooper A, Poinar HN. Ancient DNA: Do it right or not at all. Science 289(5482), 1139.
    doi: 10.1126/science.289.5482.1139bgoogle scholar: lookup
  16. Cooper A, Turney C, Hughen KA, Brook BW, McDonald HG, Bradshaw CJA. Abrupt warming events drove Late Pleistocene Holarctic megafaunal turnover. Science 349(6248), 602-606.
    doi: 10.1126/science.aac4315google scholar: lookup
  17. Dabney J, Knapp M, Glocke I, Gansauge M-T, Weihmann A, Nickel B, Valdiosera C, Garcia N, Paabo S, Arsuaga J-L, Meyer M. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110(39), 15758-15763.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1314445110google scholar: lookup
  18. Dalquest WW. The Good Creek formation, Pleistocene of Texas, and Its fauna. Journal of Paleontology 36(3), 568-582.
  19. Davison J, Ho SYW, Bray SC, Korsten M, Tammeleht E, Hindrikson M, Østbye K, Østbye E, Lauritzen S-E, Austin J. Late-Quaternary biogeographic scenarios for the brown bear (Ursus arctos), a wild mammal model species. Quaternary Science Reviews 30(3-4), 418-430.
    doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.023google scholar: lookup
  20. Debruyne R, Chu G, King CE, Bos K, Kuch M, Schwarz C, Szpak P, Gröcke DR, Matheus P, Zazula G, Guthrie D, Froese D, Buigues B, de Marliave C, Flemming C, Poinar D, Fisher D, Southon J, Tikhonov AN, Poinar HN. Out of America: Ancient DNA evidence for a new world origin of late quaternary woolly mammoths. Current Biology 18(17), 1320-1326.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.061google scholar: lookup
  21. Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, Shapiro B, Pybus OG. Bayesian coalescent inference of past population dynamics from molecular sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 22(5), 1185-1192.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi103google scholar: lookup
  22. Dyke A, Moore A, Robertson L. Deglaciation of North America. Natural Resources Canada .
  23. Edgar RC. MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research 32(5), 1792-1797.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkh340google scholar: lookup
  24. Edwards CJ, Suchard MA, Lemey P, Welch JJ, Barnes I, Fulton TL, Barnett R, O'Connell TC, Coxon P, Monaghan N, Valdiosera CE, Lorenzen ED, Willerslev E, Baryshnikov GF, Rambaut A, Thomas MG, Bradley DG, Shapiro B. Ancient hybridization and an Irish origin for the modern polar bear matriline. Current Biology 21(15), 1251-1258.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.058google scholar: lookup
  25. Elias SA, Crocker B. The Bering Land Bridge: A moisture barrier to the dispersal of steppe-tundra biota?. Quaternary Science Reviews 27(27), 2473-2483.
    doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.011google scholar: lookup
  26. Elias SA, Short SK, Nelson CH, Birks HH. Life and times of the Bering land bridge. Nature 382(6586), 60-63.
    doi: 10.1038/382060a0google scholar: lookup
  27. Enk J, Devault A, Widga C, Saunders J, Szpak P, Southon J, Rouillard J-M, Shapiro B, Golding GB, Zazula G, Froese D, Fisher DC, MacPhee RDE, Poinar H. Mammuthus population dynamics in Late Pleistocene North America: Divergence, phylogeography, and introgression. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 4(42), 42.
    doi: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00042google scholar: lookup
  28. Ersmark E, Orlando L, Sandoval-Castellanos E, Barnes I, Barnett R, Stuart A, Lister A, Dalén L. Population demography and genetic diversity in the Pleistocene cave lion. Open Quaternary 1(4), 1-14.
    doi: 10.5334/oq.aagoogle scholar: lookup
  29. Fox-Dobbs K, Leonard JA, Koch PL. Pleistocene megafauna from eastern Beringia: Paleoecological and paleoenvironmental interpretations of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope and radiocarbon records. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 261(1-2), 30-46.
    doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.12.011google scholar: lookup
  30. Froese D, Stiller M, Heintzman PD, Reyes AV, Zazula GD, Soares AER, Meyer M, Hall E, Jensen BJL, Arnold L, MacPhee RDE, Shapiro B. Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114(13), 3457-3462.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1620754114google scholar: lookup
  31. Guthrie RD. Rapid body size decline in Alaskan Pleistocene horses before extinction. Nature 426(6963), 169-171.
    doi: 10.1038/nature02098google scholar: lookup
  32. Guthrie RD. New carbon dates link climatic change with human colonization and Pleistocene extinctions. Nature 441(7090), 207-209.
    doi: 10.1038/nature04604google scholar: lookup
  33. Hailer F. Introgressive hybridization: Brown bears as vectors for polar bear alleles. Molecular Ecology 24(6), 1161-1163.
    doi: 10.1111/mec.13101google scholar: lookup
  34. Hailer F, Welch AJ. Evolutionary history of polar and brown bears, eLS, 1-8. .
  35. Harington CR. Pleistocene Remains of the Lion-Like Cat (Panthera atrox) from Yukon Territory and Northern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 6(5), 1277-1288.
    doi: 10.1139/e69-127google scholar: lookup
  36. Harington CR. American Lion. Beringian Research Notes 5, 1-4.
  37. Harington CR, Naughton D, Dalby A, Rose M, Dawson J. Annotated bibliography of quaternary vertebrates of Northern North America. University of Toronto Press .
  38. Heinrich H. Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the Northeast Atlantic-Ocean during the Past 130,000 years. Quaternary Research 29(2), 142-152.
    doi: 10.1016/0033-5894(88)90057-9google scholar: lookup
  39. Heintzman PD, Froese D, Ives JW, Soares AER, Zazula GD, Letts B, Andrews TD, Driver JC, Hall E, Hare PG, Jass CN, MacKay G, Southon JR, Stiller M, Woywitka R, Suchard MA, Shapiro B. Bison phylogeography constrains dispersal and viability of the Ice Free Corridor in Western Canada. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113(29), 8057-8063.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1601077113google scholar: lookup
  40. Heintzman PD, Zazula GD, MacPhee RDE, Scott E, Cahill JA, McHorse BK, Kapp JD, Stiller M, Wooller MJ, Orlando L, Southon J, Froese DG, Shapiro B. A new genus of horse from Pleistocene North America. Elife 6, e29944.
    doi: 10.7554/elife.29944google scholar: lookup
  41. Hemming SR. Heinrich events: Massive late pleistocene detritus layers of the North Atlantic and their global climate imprint. Reviews of Geophysics 42(1), RG1005.
    doi: 10.1029/2003rg000128google scholar: lookup
  42. Hibbard CW, Taylor DW. Two late Pleistocene faunas from southwestern Kansas. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 16(1), 1-223.
  43. Hirata D, Mano T, Abramov AV, Baryshnikov GF, Kosintsev PA, Vorobiev AA, Raichev EG, Tsunoda H, Kaneko Y, Murata K, Fukui D, Masuda R. Molecular phylogeography of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Northeastern Asia based on analyses of complete mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30(7), 1644-1652.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst077google scholar: lookup
  44. Hopkins DM. Sea level history in Beringia during the past 250,000 years. Quaternary Research 3(4), 520-540.
    doi: 10.1016/0033-5894(73)90029-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  45. Hu A, Meehl GA, Otto-Bliesner BL, Waelbroeck C, Han W, Loutre M-F, Lambeck K, Mitrovica JX, Rosenbloom N. Influence of Bering Strait flow and North Atlantic circulation on glacial sea-level changes. Nature Geoscience 3(2), 118-121.
    doi: 10.1038/ngeo729google scholar: lookup
  46. Hundertmark KJ, Shields GF, Udina IG, Bowyer RT, Danilkin AA, Schwartz CC. Mitochondrial phylogeography of moose (Alces alces): Late Pleistocene divergence and population expansion. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22(3), 375-387.
    doi: 10.1006/mpev.2001.1058google scholar: lookup
  47. Hwang DS, Ki JS, Jeong DH, Kim BH, Lee BK, Han SH, Lee JS. A comprehensive analysis of three Asiatic black bear mitochondrial genomes (subspecies ussuricus, formosanus and mupinensis), with emphasis on the complete mtDNA sequence of Ursus thibetanus ussuricus (Ursidae). DNA Sequence 19(4), 418-429.
    doi: 10.1080/19401730802389525google scholar: lookup
  48. Jakobsson M, Pearce C, Cronin TM, Backman J, Anderson LG, Barrientos N, Björk G, Coxall H, de Boer A, Mayer LA, Mörth C-M, Nilsson J, Rattray JE, Stranne C, Semiletov I, O'Regan M. Post-glacial flooding of the Bering Land Bridge dated to 11 cal ka BP based on new geophysical and sediment records. Climate of the past 13(8), 991-1005.
    doi: 10.5194/cp-13-991-2017google scholar: lookup
  49. Kass RE, Raftery AE. Bayes factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association 90(430), 773-795.
    doi: 10.1080/01621459.1995.10476572google scholar: lookup
  50. Kim JH, Antunes A, Luo SJ, Menninger J, Nash WG, O'Brien SJ, Johnson WE. Evolutionary analysis of a large mtDNA translocation (numt) into the nuclear genome of the Panthera genus species. Gene 366(2), 292-302.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.08.023google scholar: lookup
  51. Kurtén B. The Pleistocene Lion of Beringia. Annales Zoologici Fennici 22(1), 117-121.
  52. Kurtén B, Anderson E. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press .
  53. Kutschera VE, Lecomte N, Janke A, Selva N, Sokolov AA, Haun T, Steyer K, Nowak C, Hailer F. A range-wide synthesis and timeline for phylogeographic events in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 114.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-114google scholar: lookup
  54. Lanfear R, Frandsen PB, Wright AM, Senfeld T, Calcott B. PartitionFinder 2: New methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34(3), 772-773.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msw260google scholar: lookup
  55. Leonard JA, Vila C, Fox-Dobbs K, Koch PL, Wayne RK, Van Valkenburgh B. Megafaunal extinctions and the disappearance of a specialized wolf ecomorph. Current Biology 17(13), 1146-1150.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.072google scholar: lookup
  56. Leonard JA, Wayne RK, Cooper A. Population genetics of Ice age brown bears. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97(4), 1651-1654.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.040453097google scholar: lookup
  57. Lesnek AJ, Briner JP, Lindqvist C, Baichtal JF, Heaton TH. Deglaciation of the Pacific coastal corridor directly preceded the human colonization of the Americas. Science Advances 4(5), eaar5040.
    doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aar5040google scholar: lookup
  58. Li H, Durbin R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 25(14), 1754-1760.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324google scholar: lookup
  59. Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, Homer N, Marth G, Abecasis G, Durbin R, Genome Project Data Processing S. The sequence alignment/map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 25(16), 2078-2079.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352google scholar: lookup
  60. Lindqvist C, Schuster SC, Sun Y, Talbot SL, Qi J, Ratan A, Tomsho LP, Kasson L, Zeyl E, Aars J, Miller W, Ingolfsson O, Bachmann L, Wiig O. Complete mitochondrial genome of a Pleistocene jawbone unveils the origin of polar bear. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107(11), 5053-5057.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0914266107google scholar: lookup
  61. Lister AM, Sher AV. Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the Northern Hemisphere. Science 350(6262), 805.
    doi: 10.1126/science.aac5660google scholar: lookup
  62. Liu S, Lorenzen ED, Fumagalli M, Li BO, Harris K, Xiong Z, Zhou L, Korneliussen TS, Somel M, Babbitt C, Wray G, Li J, He W, Wang Z, Fu W, Xiang X, Morgan CC, Doherty A, O’Connell MJ, Wang J. Population genomics reveal recent speciation and rapid evolutionary adaptation in polar bears. Cell 157(4), 785-794.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.054google scholar: lookup
  63. Loog L, Thalmann O, Sinding M-H, Schuenemann VJ, Perri A, Germonpré M, Bocherens H, Witt KE, Samaniego Castruita JA, Velasco MS, Lundstrøm IKC, Wales N, Sonet G, Frantz L, Schroeder H, Budd J, Jimenez E-L, Fedorov S, Gasparyan B, Manica A. Ancient DNA suggests modern wolves trace their origin to a Late Pleistocene expansion from Beringia. Molecular Ecology 29(9), 1596-1610.
    doi: 10.1111/mec.15329google scholar: lookup
  64. Lorenzen ED, Nogués-Bravo D, Orlando L, Weinstock J, Binladen J, Marske KA, Ugan A, Borregaard MK, Gilbert MTP, Nielsen R, Ho SYW, Goebel T, Graf KE, Byers D, Stenderup JT, Rasmussen M, Campos PF, Leonard JA, Koepfli K-P, Willerslev E. Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans. Nature 479(7373), 359-364.
    doi: 10.1038/nature10574google scholar: lookup
  65. Mann DH, Groves P, Reanier RE, Gaglioti BV, Kunz ML, Shapiro B. Life and extinction of megafauna in the ice-age Arctic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112(46), 14301-14306.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1516573112google scholar: lookup
  66. Matheus PE. Diet and co-ecology of Pleistocene short-faced bears and brown bears in eastern Beringia. Quaternary Research 44(3), 447-453.
    doi: 10.1006/qres.1995.1090google scholar: lookup
  67. Matsumura S, Inoshima Y, Ishiguro N. Reconstructing the colonization history of lost wolf lineages by the analysis of the mitochondrial genome. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 80, 105-112.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.004google scholar: lookup
  68. Meachen J, Wooller MJ, Barst BD, Funck J, Crann C, Heath J, Cassatt-Johnstone M, Shapiro B, Hall E, Hewitson S, Zazula G. A mummified Pleistocene gray wolf pup. Current Biology 30(24), R1467-R1468.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.011google scholar: lookup
  69. Meiri M, Lister AM, Collins MJ, Tuross N, Goebel T, Blockley S, Zazula GD, van Doorn N, Dale Guthrie R, Boeskorov GG, Baryshnikov GF, Sher A, Barnes I. Faunal record identifies Bering isthmus conditions as constraint to end-Pleistocene migration to the New World. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281(1776).
    doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2167google scholar: lookup
  70. Meyer M, Kircher M, Gansauge M-T, Li H, Racimo F, Mallick S, Schraiber JG, Jay F, Prüfer K, de Filippo C, Sudmant PH, Alkan C, Fu Q, Do R, Rohland N, Tandon A, Siebauer M, Green RE, Bryc K, Pääbo S. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science 338(6104), 222-226.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1224344google scholar: lookup
  71. Miller W, Schuster SC, Welch AJ, Ratan A, Bedoya-Reina OC, Zhao F, Kim HL, Burhans RC, Drautz DI, Wittekindt NE, Tomsho LP, Ibarra-Laclette E, Herrera-Estrella L, Peacock E, Farley S, Sage GK, Rode K, Obbard M, Montiel R, Lindqvist C. Polar and brown bear genomes reveal ancient admixture and demographic footprints of past climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109(36), E2382-E2390.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1210506109google scholar: lookup
  72. Mitchell KJ, Bray SC, Bover P, Soibelzon L, Schubert BW, Prevosti F, Prieto A, Martin F, Austin JJ, Cooper A. Ancient mitochondrial DNA reveals convergent evolution of giant short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) in North and South America. Biology Letters 12(4), 20160062.
    doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0062google scholar: lookup
  73. Niemann J, Gopalakrishnan S, Yamaguchi N, Ramos-Madrigal J, Wales N, Gilbert MTP, Sinding MS. Extended survival of Pleistocene Siberian wolves into the early 20th century on the island of Honshu. iScience 24(1), 101904.
    doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101904google scholar: lookup
  74. Pilot M, Branicki W, Jędrzejewski W, Goszczyński J, Jędrzejewska B, Dykyy I, Shkvyrya M, Tsingarska E. Phylogeographic history of grey wolves in Europe. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 104.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-104google scholar: lookup
  75. Rambaut A, Drummond AJ, Xie D, Baele G, Suchard MA. Posterior summarization in bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. Systematic Biology 67(5), 901-904.
    doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syy032google scholar: lookup
  76. Ramsden C, Holmes EC, Charleston MA. Hantavirus evolution in relation to its rodent and insectivore hosts: No evidence for codivergence. Molecular Biology and Evolution 26(1), 143-153.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msn234google scholar: lookup
  77. Ramsey CB. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51(1), 337-360.
    doi: 10.1017/s0033822200033865google scholar: lookup
  78. Ramsey CL, Griffiths PA, Fedje DW, Wigen RJ, Mackie Q. Preliminary investigation of a late Wisconsinan fauna from K1 cave, Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii), Canada. Quaternary Research 62(1), 105-109.
    doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2004.05.003google scholar: lookup
  79. Reimer PJ, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck JW, Blackwell PG, Ramsey CB, Buck CE, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Friedrich M, Grootes PM, Guilderson TP, Haflidason H, Hajdas I, Hatté C, Heaton TJ, Hoffmann DL, Hogg AG, Hughen KA, van der Plicht J. Intcal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4), 1869-1887.
    doi: 10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16947google scholar: lookup
  80. Reuther JD, Rogers J, Druckenmiller P, Bundtzen TK, Wallace K, Bowman R, May K, Feathers J, Cherkinsky A. Late quaternary (≥MIS 3 to MIS 1) stratigraphic transitions in a highland Beringian landscape along the Kuskokwim River, Alaska. Quaternary Research 93, 139-154.
    doi: 10.1017/qua.2019.51google scholar: lookup
  81. Rey-Iglesia A, García-Vázquez A, Treadaway EC, van der Plicht J, Baryshnikov GF, Szpak P, Bocherens H, Boeskorov GG, Lorenzen ED. Evolutionary history and palaeoecology of brown bear in North-East Siberia re-examined using ancient DNA and stable isotopes from skeletal remains. Scientific Reports 9(1), 4462.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40168-7google scholar: lookup
  82. Richards SM, Hovhannisyan N, Gilliham M, Ingram J, Skadhauge B, Heiniger H, Llamas B, Mitchell KJ, Meachen J, Fincher GB, Austin JJ, Cooper A. Low-cost cross-taxon enrichment of mitochondrial DNA using in-house synthesised RNA probes. PLoS One 14(2), e0209499.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209499google scholar: lookup
  83. Rohland N, Harney E, Mallick S, Nordenfelt S, Reich D. Partial uracil-DNA-glycosylase treatment for screening of ancient DNA. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 370(1660), 20130624.
    doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0624google scholar: lookup
  84. Sanmartin I, Van der Mark P, Ronquist F. Inferring dispersal: A Bayesian approach to phylogeny-based island biogeography, with special reference to the Canary Islands. Journal of Biogeography 35(3), 428-449.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01885.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  85. Schubert BW, Wallace SC. Late Pleistocene giant short-faced bears, mammoths, and large carcass scavenging in the Saltville Valley of Virginia, USA. Boreas 38(3), 482-492.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00090.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  86. Schubert M, Ermini L, Sarkissian CD, Jónsson H, Ginolhac A, Schaefer R, Martin MD, Fernández R, Kircher M, McCue M, Willerslev E, Orlando L. Characterization of ancient and modern genomes by SNP detection and phylogenomic and metagenomic analysis using PALEOMIX. Nature Protocols 9(5), 1056-1082.
    doi: 10.1038/nprot.2014.063google scholar: lookup
  87. Schubert M, Lindgreen S, Orlando L. AdapterRemoval v2: Rapid adapter trimming, identification, and read merging. BMC Research Notes 9, 88.
    doi: 10.1186/s13104-016-1900-2google scholar: lookup
  88. Shapiro B, Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, Wilson MC, Matheus PE, Sher AV, Pybus OG, Gilbert MTP, Barnes I, Binladen J, Willerslev E, Hansen AJ, Baryshnikov GF, Burns JA, Davydov S, Driver JC, Froese DG, Harington CR, Keddie G, Cooper A. Rise and fall of the Beringian steppe bison. Science 306(5701), 1561-1565.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1101074google scholar: lookup
  89. Shaw J, Barrie JV, Conway KW, Lintern DG, Kung R. Glaciation of the northern British Columbia continental shelf: The geomorphic evidence derived from multibeam bathymetric data. Boreas 49(1), 17-37.
    doi: 10.1111/bor.12411google scholar: lookup
  90. Sotnikova M, Nikolskiy P. Systematic position of the cave lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss) based on cranial and dental characters. Quaternary International 142, 218-228.
    doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2005.03.019google scholar: lookup
  91. Statham MJ, Murdoch J, Janecka J, Aubry KB, Edwards CJ, Soulsbury CD, Berry O, Wang Z, Harrison D, Pearch M, Tomsett L, Chupasko J, Sacks BN. Range-wide multilocus phylogeography of the red fox reveals ancient continental divergence, minimal genomic exchange and distinct demographic histories. Molecular Ecology 23(19), 4813-4830.
    doi: 10.1111/mec.12898google scholar: lookup
  92. Steffen ML, Fulton TL. On the association of giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) in late Pleistocene North America. Geobios 51(1), 61-74.
    doi: 10.1016/j.geobios.2017.12.001google scholar: lookup
  93. Stiller M, Molak M, Prost S, Rabeder G, Baryshnikov G, Rosendahl W, Münzel S, Bocherens H, Grandal-d'Anglade A, Hilpert B, Germonpré M, Stasyk O, Pinhasi R, Tintori A, Rohland N, Mohandesan E, Ho SYW, Hofreiter M, Knapp M. Mitochondrial DNA diversity and evolution of the Pleistocene cave bear complex. Quaternary International 339-340, 224-231.
    doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.09.023google scholar: lookup
  94. Stuart AJ, Lister AM. Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea. Quaternary Science Reviews 30(17-18), 2329-2340.
    doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023google scholar: lookup
  95. Subramanian S, Lambert DM. Time dependency of molecular evolutionary rates? Yes and no. Genome Biology and Evolution 3, 1324-1328.
    doi: 10.1093/gbe/evr108google scholar: lookup
  96. Suchard MA, Lemey P, Baele G, Ayres DL, Drummond AJ, Rambaut A. Bayesian phylogenetic and phylodynamic data integration using BEAST 1.10. Virus Evolution 4(1), vey016.
    doi: 10.1093/ve/vey016google scholar: lookup
  97. Talbot SL, Shields GF. Phylogeography of brown bears (Ursus arctos) of Alaska and paraphyly within the Ursidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 5(3), 477-494.
    doi: 10.1006/mpev.1996.0044google scholar: lookup
  98. Treat CC, Kleinen T, Broothaerts N, Dalton AS, Dommain R, Douglas TA, Drexler JZ, Finkelstein SA, Grosse G, Hope G, Hutchings J, Jones MC, Kuhry P, Lacourse T, Lähteenoja O, Loisel J, Notebaert B, Payne RJ, Peteet DM, Brovkin V. Widespread global peatland establishment and persistence over the last 130,000 y. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116(11), 4822-4827.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.1813305116google scholar: lookup
  99. Vershinina AO, Heintzman PD, Froese DG, Zazula G, Cassatt-Johnstone M, Dalén L, Der Sarkissian C, Dunn SG, Ermini L, Gamba C, Groves P, Kapp JD, Mann DH, Seguin-Orlando A, Southon J, Stiller M, Wooller MJ, Baryshnikov G, Gimranov D, Shapiro B. Ancient horse genomes reveal the timing and extent of dispersals across the Bering Land Bridge. Molecular Ecology .
    doi: 10.1111/mec.15977google scholar: lookup
  100. Waits LP, Talbot SL, Ward RH, Shields GF. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the North American brown bear and implications for conservation. Conservation Biology 12(2), 408-417.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96351.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  101. Whitmore FC, Foster HL. Panthera atrox (Mammalia: Felidae) from central Alaska. Journal of Paleontology 41(1), 247-251.
  102. Yamaguchi N, Cooper A, Werdelin L, Macdonald DW. Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (Panthera leo): A review. Journal of Zoology 263, 329-342.
    doi: 10.1017/s0952836904005242google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Sun X, Liu YC, Tiunov MP, Gimranov DO, Zhuang Y, Han Y, Driscoll CA, Pang Y, Li C, Pan Y, Velasco MS, Gopalakrishnan S, Yang RZ, Li BG, Jin K, Xu X, Uphyrkina O, Huang Y, Wu XH, Gilbert MTP, O'Brien SJ, Yamaguchi N, Luo SJ. Ancient DNA reveals genetic admixture in China during tiger evolution.. Nat Ecol Evol 2023 Aug 31;.
    doi: 10.1038/s41559-023-02185-8pubmed: 37652999google scholar: lookup
  2. Pacheco C, Stronen AV, Jędrzejewska B, Plis K, Okhlopkov IM, Mamaev NV, Drovetski SV, Godinho R. Demography and evolutionary history of grey wolf populations around the Bering Strait.. Mol Ecol 2022 Sep;31(18):4851-4865.
    doi: 10.1111/mec.16613pubmed: 35822863google scholar: lookup
  3. Lan T, Leppälä K, Tomlin C, Talbot SL, Sage GK, Farley SD, Shideler RT, Bachmann L, Wiig Ø, Albert VA, Salojärvi J, Mailund T, Drautz-Moses DI, Schuster SC, Herrera-Estrella L, Lindqvist C. Insights into bear evolution from a Pleistocene polar bear genome.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022 Jun 14;119(24):e2200016119.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.2200016119pubmed: 35666863google scholar: lookup
  4. Molodtseva AS, Makunin AI, Salomashkina VV, Kichigin IG, Vorobieva NV, Vasiliev SK, Shunkov MV, Tishkin AA, Grushin SP, Anijalg P, Tammeleht E, Keis M, Boeskorov GG, Mamaev N, Okhlopkov IM, Kryukov AP, Lyapunova EA, Kholodova MV, Seryodkin IV, Saarma U, Trifonov VA, Graphodatsky AS. Phylogeography of ancient and modern brown bears from eastern Eurasia.. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022 Apr;135(4):722-733.
    doi: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac009pubmed: 35359699google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.