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Lipids and calcium uptake of sperm in relation to cold shock and preservation: a review.
Abstract: When sperm of the ram, bull, boar and stallion are cold-shocked by rapid cooling to near freezing point, motility and metabolic activity are irreversibly depressed and the acrosome and plasma membrane disrupted. Ram sperm become susceptible to cold shock in the proximal corpus region of the epididymis when the cytoplasmic droplet has moved backwards to the distal portion of the sperm midpiece. The membrane constituents phospholipids and cholesterol are important in cold shock which causes loss of lipid from sperm. The susceptibility of sperm to cold shock is linked with a high ratio of unsaturated:saturated fatty acids in the phospholipids and a low cholesterol content. The high unsaturated fatty acid content of sperm also makes them susceptible to damage from peroxidation which adversely affects motility, metabolism, ultrastructure and fertility. Hydroxynonenal, a product of fatty acid peroxidation, depresses the motility and oxygen uptake of ram sperm in vitro and may react with the -SH groups of the axonemal microtubules. High calcium concentrations in the external medium may decrease the motility and metabolism of sperm and 'calcium intoxication' may be a factor in cold shock. Lowering the environmental temperature increases calcium uptake by sperm and the effect is aggravated if the rate of cooling is rapid. Phospholipids, particularly those in egg yolk, protect sperm to some extent from cold shock and also prevent increased calcium flux into the sperm. Suggestions are made for increasing the life span of sperm during preservation and microencapsulation by adding agents that may stabilize membranes, counter peroxidation and decrease calcium uptake.
Publication Date: 1993-01-01 PubMed ID: 9627725DOI: 10.1071/rd9930639Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Review
Summary
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The research paper explores the effect of rapid cooling to near freezing point on the sperm of various animals like ram, bull, boar, and stallion. The focus is on potential biological changes in sperm along with suggestions for enhancing sperm lifespan during preservation.
Effect of Cold Shock
- Cold shocking sperm—rapidly cooling them to near freezing point—has a irreversible negative impact on their motility and metabolic activity. This is explicitly observed as disruptions in the acrosome and plasma membrane, parts of a sperm cell.
- For ram sperm, this susceptibility to cold shock is noticed in the proximal corpus region of the epididymis. This happens when the cytoplasmic droplet retracts to the distal part of the sperm midpiece.
Role of Lipids and Cholesterol
- Phospholipids and cholesterol, key components of the sperm membrane, play a significant role in the process of cold shock. Cold shock results in the loss of these lipids from the sperm.
- The vulnerability of sperm to cold shock is associated with a high ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in phospholipids and low cholesterol content.
- The presence of unsaturated fatty acids makes sperm more susceptible to peroxidation damage, which adversely impacts motility, metabolism, ultrastructural features, and fertility.
- The by-product of fatty acid peroxidation, Hydroxynonenal, has been noted to decrease the motility and oxygen uptake of ram sperm in vitro. It may react with the -SH groups of the axonemal microtubules, a component of sperm structure.
Calcium and Cold Shock
- High concentrations of calcium in external medium may decrease sperm motility and metabolism. The researchers suggest that ‘calcium intoxication’ could be a factor during cold shock.
- Lowering the environmental temperature causes an increase in calcium uptake by sperm. This effect is further aggravated if the rate of cooling is swift.
Protection against Cold Shock
- Phospholipids, especially those present in egg yolk, potentially protect sperm from cold shock damage to some extent. They also prevent an increase in calcium flux into the sperm.
- The paper proposes ways to increase the lifespan of sperm during preservation and microencapsulation. This involves adding agents that stabilize cellular membranes, counteract lipid peroxidation, and reduce calcium uptake.
Cite This Article
APA
White IG.
(1993).
Lipids and calcium uptake of sperm in relation to cold shock and preservation: a review.
Reprod Fertil Dev, 5(6), 639-658.
https://doi.org/10.1071/rd9930639 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Calcium / metabolism
- Cattle
- Cold Temperature
- Horses
- Lipid Metabolism
- Male
- Semen Preservation
- Sheep
- Spermatozoa / metabolism
- Swine
Citations
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