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BMC evolutionary biology2019; 19(1); 217; doi: 10.1186/s12862-019-1532-y

Local origin or external input: modern horse origin in East Asia.

Abstract: Despite decades of research, the horse domestication scenario in East Asia remains poorly understood. The study identified 16 haplogroups with fine-scale phylogenetic resolution using mitochondrial genomes of 317 horse samples. The time to the most recent common ancestor of the 16 haplogroups ranges from [0.8-3.1] thousand years ago (KYA) to [7.9-27.1] KYA. With combined analyses of the mitochondrial control region for 35 extant Przewalski's horses, 3544 modern and 203 ancient horses across the world, researchers provide evidence for that East Asian prevalent haplogroups Q and R were indigenously domesticated or they were involved in numerous distinct genetic components from wild horses in the southern part of East Asia. These events of haplotypes Q and R occurred during 4.7 to 16.3 KYA and 2.1 to 11.5 KYA, respectively. The diffusion of preponderant European haplogroups L from west to East Asia is consistent with the external gene input. Furthermore, genetic differences were detected between northern East Asia and southern East Asia cohorts by Principal Component Analysis, Analysis of Molecular Variance test, the χ test and phylogeographic analyses. All results suggest a complex picture of horse domestication, as well as geographic pattern in East Asia. Both local origin and external input occurred in East Asia horse populations. And besides, there are at least two different domestication or hybridization centers in East Asia.
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Publication Date: 2019-11-27 PubMed ID: 31775623PubMed Central: PMC6882189DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1532-yGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article unravels the complex origins of modern horses in East Asia, suggesting both local domestication and external influence from European breeds. The research dissects the genetic makeup of thousands of both modern and ancient horses, decoding definitive evidence for both indigenous evolution and external genetic input.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers analyzed mitochondrial genomes from 317 horse samples, identifying 16 unique haplogroups that contributed to a deeper understanding of horse phylogeny.
  • The time to the most recent common ancestor of these 16 haplogroups ranged from 0.8-3.1 thousand years ago (KYA) up to 7.9-27.1 KYA, giving an idea of the timeline of equine evolution in East Asia.
  • Combining this analysis with careful scrutiny of the mitochondrial control region in a broad range of horse samples (including 35 extant Przewalski’s horses, 3544 modern and 203 ancient horses spanning the globe) allowed the scientists to paint a comprehensive picture of both local and globally influenced horse domestication.

Haplogroups and Domestication

  • Notably, the Q and R haplogroups, prevalent in East Asia, were found to have been either locally domesticated or have introduced distinct genetic components from wild horses specifically in southern East Asia.
  • The researchers also date these events in the Q and R haplogroups to ranges of 4.7 to 16.3 KYA and 2.1 to 11.5 KYA respectively.

European Influence

  • Contrarily, the predominance of the European haplogroup L in the east, as analyzed in this study, is indicative of external genes being introduced in the region.
  • This corroborates the idea that horse genetics in the region were not solely a product of indigenous development, but also of external influence.

Complex Patterns of Domestication

  • Various tests and analyses such as Principal Component Analysis, Analysis of Molecular Variance test, the χ test, and phylogeographic analyses revealed marked genetic differences between northern and southern East Asian horse populations.
  • This complex pattern of horse domestication presents a dual narrative: one of local origin and one of external gene input that took place in East Asia.
  • Moreover, the study leads to the conclusion that there were at least two separate domestication or hybridization centers in East Asia.

Cite This Article

APA
Ning T, Ling Y, Hu S, Ardalan A, Li J, Mitra B, Chaudhuri TK, Guan W, Zhao Q, Ma Y, Savolainen P, Zhang Y. (2019). Local origin or external input: modern horse origin in East Asia. BMC Evol Biol, 19(1), 217. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1532-y

Publication

BMC evolutionary biology
ISSN: 1471-2148
NlmUniqueID: 100966975
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 19
Issue: 1
Pages: 217
PII: 217

Researcher Affiliations

Ning, Tiao
  • College of Agriculture, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, Yunnan, China. tiaoning@aliyun.com.
  • Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China. tiaoning@aliyun.com.
Ling, Yinghui
  • Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
Hu, Shaoji
  • Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650214, Yunnan, China.
Ardalan, Arman
  • Department of Gene Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden.
Li, Jing
  • College of Agriculture, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, Yunnan, China.
  • The Research Center for Urban Modern Agricultural Engineering of Yunnan Tertiary Education, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, Yunnan, China.
Mitra, Bikash
  • Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Siliguri, West Bengal, 734013, India.
Chaudhuri, Tapas Kumar
  • Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Siliguri, West Bengal, 734013, India.
Guan, Weijun
  • Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
Zhao, Qianjun
  • Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
Ma, Yuehui
  • Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China. yuehui.ma@263.net.
Savolainen, Peter
  • Department of Gene Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden. savo@kth.se.
Zhang, Yaping
  • Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China. zhangyp@mail.kiz.ac.cn.
  • State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming, Yunnan, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhua, 650223, Yunnan, China. zhangyp@mail.kiz.ac.cn.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • DNA, Mitochondrial / genetics
  • Domestication
  • Equidae / genetics
  • Asia, Eastern
  • Gene Flow
  • Genetic Variation
  • Genome, Mitochondrial
  • Haplotypes
  • Horses / genetics
  • Locus Control Region
  • Phylogeny
  • Phylogeography
  • Principal Component Analysis

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
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