FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Veterinary sciences2025; 13(1); 27; doi: 10.3390/vetsci13010027

Molecular Prevalence and Genotypic Diversity of Theileria equi in Xinjiang, China, Based on Three Genes.

Abstract: Equine theileriosis, caused by the protozoan parasite , represents a significant economic threat to the equine industry. In Xinjiang, China, an endemic area for this disease, systematic research on the genetic diversity of has been notably lacking. The aim of this study was to obtain molecular epidemiological data pertaining to the parasite in selected regions of Xinjiang, China, and analyze the genetic characteristics (including rRNA, , and genes) and genotype distribution patterns of isolates from these regions, providing a scientific basis for developing targeted prevention and control strategies. Blood samples were collected from 440 horses across four regions (Altay, Ili, Tacheng, and Urumqi) and subjected to PCR assays. Positive samples were sequenced for phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses, and genetic diversity indices were calculated. The overall infection rate of was 38.41% (169/440), with Tacheng having the highest prevalence (86.27%) and Altay the lowest (20.88%); these regional differences were statistically significant. Phylogenetic analysis identified two genotypes of the rRNA gene: genotype E (predominant) and genotype A. All sequences clustered exclusively within genotype A. Notably, all gene sequences formed a monophyletic group, exhibiting closer genetic relationships to isolates from France and Senegal. This study presents the first comprehensive genotyping of in Xinjiang based on three target genes and constructs an associated haplotype network. The analysis identified rRNA genotype E and genotype A as the predominant genotypes. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of was found to be higher in Urumqi than in the other regions studied.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2025-12-25 PubMed ID: 41600683PubMed Central: PMC12846653DOI: 10.3390/vetsci13010027Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigates the molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of the parasite Theileria equi in horses from Xinjiang, China, using three specific genes to understand infection patterns and genotype distribution for better disease control.

Introduction and Background

  • Equine theileriosis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria equi, which poses significant economic risks to the equine industry worldwide.
  • The disease is prevalent in Xinjiang, China, but prior to this study, systematic genetic diversity research on T. equi in this region was lacking.
  • Understanding the genotypic variation and infection rates within different regions helps in formulating targeted prevention and control strategies.

Study Objectives

  • To obtain molecular epidemiological data on T. equi by sampling horses from various regions in Xinjiang.
  • To analyze genetic characteristics of the parasite focusing on three genes: 18S rRNA, ema-1, and rap1.
  • To determine genotype distribution patterns and construct haplotype networks for isolates in the studied regions.

Methodology

  • Blood samples were collected from 440 horses across four regions in Xinjiang: Altay, Ili, Tacheng, and Urumqi.
  • Samples underwent PCR assays to detect the presence of T. equi.
  • Positive PCR samples were sequenced for three genes: 18S rRNA, ema-1, and rap1.
  • Phylogenetic analyses and haplotype network analyses were conducted to identify genetic relationships and diversity.
  • Genetic diversity indices were calculated to compare variation among isolates from different regions.

Key Findings

  • The overall infection rate of T. equi in the sampled horse population was 38.41% (169 out of 440 horses).
  • Prevalence varied by region: Tacheng showed the highest infection rate at 86.27%, while Altay had the lowest at 20.88%; these differences were statistically significant.
  • Two genotypes of the 18S rRNA gene were identified: genotype E (predominant) and genotype A.
  • All ema-1 gene sequences corresponded exclusively to genotype A, indicating less variation in this gene.
  • All rap1 gene sequences formed a single monophyletic group and showed close genetic relationships with isolates from France and Senegal, suggesting possible global links or similar evolutionary patterns.
  • The haplotype network constructed using the three genes revealed genotype distribution and genetic relatedness of isolates.
  • Genetic diversity of T. equi was highest in Urumqi compared to other studied regions, indicating a greater variability of parasite populations here.

Significance of the Study

  • This research is the first comprehensive study genotyping T. equi in Xinjiang based on multiple gene targets, providing a more detailed understanding of the parasite’s genetic diversity in this endemic region.
  • The findings highlight regional differences in infection rates and genotypes, which are crucial for designing region-specific disease control measures.
  • Information on prevalent genotypes (18S rRNA genotype E and ema-1 genotype A) can assist in the development of diagnostic tools and vaccines tailored to the local parasite strains.
  • The genetic linkage to international isolates suggests potential routes of parasite spread or common evolutionary origins, important for global epidemiological perspectives.

Conclusion

  • Theileria equi infection is widespread in horses across Xinjiang, with marked regional variation in prevalence and genetic diversity.
  • Genotyping based on 18S rRNA, ema-1, and rap1 genes reveals a predominance of certain genotypes and notable genetic diversity, especially in Urumqi.
  • This molecular epidemiological data lays a scientific foundation for targeted control strategies aimed at reducing the impact of equine theileriosis in Xinjiang and potentially similar endemic regions.

Cite This Article

APA
Qin S, Kulabieke T, Mizhamuhan D, Zhang M, Jin M, Abula G, Pi M, Wang H, Zhang Y, Guo Q. (2025). Molecular Prevalence and Genotypic Diversity of Theileria equi in Xinjiang, China, Based on Three Genes. Vet Sci, 13(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010027

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
PII: 27

Researcher Affiliations

Qin, Sinan
  • Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Kulabieke, Telieke
  • Animal Diseases Control and Prevention Centre of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China.
Mizhamuhan, Duman
  • Arele Town Agricultural Development Service Center, Qinghe 836200, China.
Zhang, Mengyuan
  • Hami City Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Hami 839000, China.
Jin, Min
  • Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Abula, Gulibositan
  • Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Pi, Mengjie
  • Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Wang, Haorui
  • Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Zhang, Yang
  • Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.
Guo, Qingyong
  • Parasitology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China.

Grant Funding

  • ZYYD2023C03 / Central Government in Guidance of Local Science and Technology Development

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 65 references
  1. Nugraha AB, Cahyaningsih U, Amrozi A, Ridwan Y, Agungpriyono S, Taher DM, Guswanto A, Gantuya S, Tayebwa DS, Tuvshintulga B. Serological and molecular prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in Western Java, Indonesia.. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 2018;14:1–6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.07.009pubmed: 31014711google scholar: lookup
  2. Wise L, Kappmeyer L, Mealey R, Knowles D. Review of equine piroplasmosis.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2013;27:1334–1346.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12168pubmed: 24033559google scholar: lookup
  3. Tamzali Y. Equine piroplasmosis: An updated review.. Equine Vet. Educ. 2013;25:590–598.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12070google scholar: lookup
  4. Knowles DP, Kappmeyer LS, Haney D, Herndon DR, Fry LM, Munro JB, Sears K, Ueti MW, Wise LN, Silva M. Discovery of a novel species, Theileria haneyi n. sp., infective to equids, highlights exceptional genomic diversity within the genus Theileria: Implications for apicomplexan parasite surveillance.. Int. J. Parasitol. 2018;48:679–690.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.03.010pubmed: 29885436google scholar: lookup
  5. Kalantari M, Sharifiyazdi H, Ghaemi M, Ghane M, Nazifi S. Theileria equi in the horses of Iran: Molecular detection, genetic diversity, and hematological findings.. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 2022;36:100792.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100792pubmed: 36436901google scholar: lookup
  6. Camacho A, Guitian F, Pallas E, Gestal J, Olmeda A, Habela M, Telford Iii S, Spielman A. Theileria (Babesia) equi and Babesia caballi infections in horses in Galicia, Spain.. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2005;37:293–302.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-005-5691-zpubmed: 15934637google scholar: lookup
  7. Maharana BR, Ganguly A, Potliya S, Kumar B, Singh H, Dash A, Khanna S. Molecular detection and characterization of prevailing Theileria equi genotype in equine from northern India.. Res. Vet. Sci. 2024;173:105277.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105277pubmed: 38678846google scholar: lookup
  8. Knowles DP, Kappmeyer L, Stiller D, Hennager S, Perryman L. Antibody to a recombinant merozoite protein epitope identifies horses infected with Babesia equi.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1992;30:3122–3126.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.12.3122-3126.1992pmc: PMC270599pubmed: 1280648google scholar: lookup
  9. Uilenberg G. Babesia—A historical overview.. Vet. Parasitol. 2006;138:3–10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.035pubmed: 16513280google scholar: lookup
  10. de Waal DT. Equine piroplasmosis: A review.. Br. Vet. J. 1992;148:6–14.
    doi: 10.1016/0007-1935(92)90061-5pubmed: 1551016google scholar: lookup
  11. Rothschild CM. Equine piroplasmosis.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2013;33:497–508.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.03.189google scholar: lookup
  12. Tirosh-Levy S, Gottlieb Y, Fry LM, Knowles DP, Steinman A. Twenty Years of Equine Piroplasmosis Research: Global Distribution, Molecular Diagnosis, and Phylogeny.. Pathogens 2020;9:926.
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9110926pmc: PMC7695325pubmed: 33171698google scholar: lookup
  13. Sears KP, Kappmeyer LS, Wise LN, Silva M, Ueti MW, White S, Reif KE, Knowles DP. Infection dynamics of Theileria equi and Theileria haneyi, a newly discovered apicomplexan of the horse.. Vet. Parasitol. 2019;271:68–75.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.06.009pubmed: 31303207google scholar: lookup
  14. Atabek B, Zhyldyz A, Aitakin K, Rysbek N, Jailobek O, Ahedor B, Mumbi NNM, Ma Y, Otgonsuren D, Perera W. Molecular prevalence and genotypic diversity of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infecting horses in Kyrgyzstan.. Parasitol. Int. 2024;102:102915.
    doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102915pubmed: 38914218google scholar: lookup
  15. . A Literature Review of Equine Piroplasmosis.. 2010.
    doi: 10.5555/20113188077#core-collateral-purchase-accessgoogle scholar: lookup
  16. Ahedor B, Sivakumar T, Valinotti MFR, Otgonsuren D, Yokoyama N, Acosta TJ. PCR detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in apparently healthy horses in Paraguay.. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 2023;39:100835.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100835pubmed: 36878622google scholar: lookup
  17. Onyiche TE, Suganuma K, Igarashi I, Yokoyama N, Xuan X, Thekisoe O. A review on equine piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, vector ecology, risk factors, host immunity, diagnosis and control.. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019;16:1736.
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph16101736pmc: PMC6572709pubmed: 31100920google scholar: lookup
  18. Wu J, Cui Y, Yu F, Muhatai G, Tao D, Zhao A, Ning C, Qi M. Prevalence and genetic characterization of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in grazing horses in Xinjiang, northwestern China.. Parasitol. Res. 2023;122:387–394.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-022-07749-4pubmed: 36504396google scholar: lookup
  19. Li J, Li Y, Moumouni PFA, Lee SH, Galon EM, Tumwebaze MA, Yang H, Huercha, Liu M, Guo H. First description of Coxiella burnetii and Rickettsia spp. infection and molecular detection of piroplasma co-infecting horses in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.. Parasitol. Int. 2020;76:102028.
    doi: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.102028pubmed: 31759172google scholar: lookup
  20. Cui Y, Cao M, Yu F, Zhao A, Tao D, Zhu T, Zhang Z, Qi M. Molecular detection of piroplasms in domestic donkeys in Xinjiang, China.. Vet. Med. Sci. 2024;10:e1468.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.1468pmc: PMC11180456pubmed: 38879882google scholar: lookup
  21. Zhang Y, Shi Q, Laven R, Li C, He W, Zheng H, Liu S, Lu M, Yang DA, Guo Q. Prevalence and genetic diversity of Theileria equi from horses in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region, China.. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2023;14:102193.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102193pubmed: 37150103google scholar: lookup
  22. Zhang Y, Chahan B, Liu S, Song R, Li Y, Guo Q, Wu H, Zhu Y. Epidemiologic studies on Theileria equi infections for grazing horses in Ili of Xinjiang province.. Vet. Parasitol. 2017;244:111–113.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.014pubmed: 28917300google scholar: lookup
  23. Kappmeyer LS, Thiagarajan M, Herndon DR, Ramsay JD, Caler E, Djikeng A, Gillespie JJ, Lau AO, Roalson EH, Silva JC. Comparative genomic analysis and phylogenetic position of Theileria equi.. BMC Genom. 2012;13:603.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-603pmc: PMC3505731pubmed: 23137308google scholar: lookup
  24. Mehlhorn H, Schein E. Redescription of Babesia equi Laveran, 1901 as Theileria equi Mehlhorn, Schein 1998.. Parasitol. Res. 1998;84:467–475.
    doi: 10.1007/s004360050431pubmed: 9660136google scholar: lookup
  25. Ahedor B, Otgonsuren D, Zhyldyz A, Guswanto A, Ngigi NMM, Valinotti MFR, Kothalawala H, Kalaichelvan N, Silva SSP, Kothalawala H. Development and evaluation of specific polymerase chain reaction assays for detecting Theileria equi genotypes.. Parasites Vectors 2023;16:435.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-06045-zpmc: PMC10675911pubmed: 38007442google scholar: lookup
  26. Ueti MW, Mealey RH, Kappmeyer LS, White SN, Kumpula-McWhirter N, Pelzel AM, Grause JF, Bunn TO, Schwartz A, Traub-Dargatz JL. Re-emergence of the apicomplexan Theileria equi in the United States: Elimination of persistent infection and transmission risk.. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e44713.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044713pmc: PMC3435266pubmed: 22970295google scholar: lookup
  27. Sears K, Knowles D, Dinkel K, Mshelia PW, Onzere C, Silva M, Fry L. Imidocarb dipropionate lacks efficacy against Theileria haneyi and fails to consistently clear Theileria equi in horses co-infected with T. haneyi.. Pathogens 2020;9:1035.
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9121035pmc: PMC7764667pubmed: 33321715google scholar: lookup
  28. Bhoora R, Quan M, Matjila PT, Zweygarth E, Guthrie AJ, Collins NE. Sequence heterogeneity in the equi merozoite antigen gene (ema-1) of Theileria equi and development of an ema-1-specific TaqMan MGB™ assay for the detection of T. equi.. Vet. Parasitol. 2010;172:33–45.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.025pubmed: 20493635google scholar: lookup
  29. Manna G, Cersini A, Nardini R, Del Pino LEB, Antognetti V, Zini M, Conti R, Lorenzetti R, Veneziano V, Autorino GL. Genetic diversity of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infecting horses of Central-Southern Italy and preliminary results of its correlation with clinical and serological status.. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis. 2018;9:1212–1220.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.05.005pubmed: 29752142google scholar: lookup
  30. Kumar B, Maharana BR, Thakre B, Brahmbhatt NN, Joseph JP. 18S rRNA gene-based piroplasmid PCR: An assay for rapid and precise molecular screening of Theileria and Babesia species in animals.. Acta Parasitol. 2022;67:1697–1707.
    doi: 10.1007/s11686-022-00625-2pmc: PMC9523193pubmed: 36178614google scholar: lookup
  31. Munkhjargal T, Sivakumar T, Battsetseg B, Nyamjargal T, Aboulaila M, Purevtseren B, Bayarsaikhan D, Byambaa B, Terkawi MA, Yokoyama N. Prevalence and genetic diversity of equine piroplasms in Tov province, Mongolia.. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2013;16:178–185.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.02.005pubmed: 23416256google scholar: lookup
  32. Gray MW, Lang BF, Burger G. Mitochondria of protists.. Annu. Rev. Genet. 2004;38:477–524.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.142526pubmed: 15568984google scholar: lookup
  33. Yang X, Tang S, Du C, Chen Y, Luo Z, Li M, Liu S, Duan M, Jiang D, Shen Y. Insights into the mitochondrial genome structure and phylogenetic placement of Theileria velifera in comparison to other apicomplexan parasites.. Sci. Rep. 2025;15:10637.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-92939-0pmc: PMC11950482pubmed: 40148485google scholar: lookup
  34. Ulucesme MC, Aktas M, Ozubek S. Mitochondrial Genome Analysis of Babesia ovis (Apicomplexa: Babesiidae) Endemic in Sheep in Türkiye.. Vet. Sci. 2024;11:554.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci11110554pmc: PMC11598858pubmed: 39591328google scholar: lookup
  35. Birth D, Kao WC, Hunte C. Structural analysis of atovaquone-inhibited cytochrome bc1 complex reveals the molecular basis of antimalarial drug action.. Nat. Commun. 2014;5:4029.
    doi: 10.1038/ncomms5029pubmed: 24893593google scholar: lookup
  36. Hikosaka K, Watanabe Y, Tsuji N, Kita K, Kishine H, Arisue N, Palacpac NM, Kawazu S, Sawai H, Horii T. Divergence of the mitochondrial genome structure in the apicomplexan parasites, Babesia and Theileria.. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2010;27:1107–1116.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msp320pubmed: 20034997google scholar: lookup
  37. Hall CM, Busch JD, Scoles GA, Palma-Cagle KA, Ueti MW, Kappmeyer LS, Wagner DM. Genetic characterization of Theileria equi infecting horses in North America: Evidence for a limited source of U.S. introductions.. Parasit. Vectors. 2013;6:35.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-35pmc: PMC3606381pubmed: 23399005google scholar: lookup
  38. Otgonsuren D, Amgalanbaatar T, Narantsatsral S, Enkhtaivan B, Munkhgerel D, Zoljargal M, Davkharbayar B, Myagmarsuren P, Battur B, Battsetseg B. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in Mongolian horses.. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2024;119:105571.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105571pubmed: 38365128google scholar: lookup
  39. Committee S.A. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China & Standardization Administration of China. Beijing, China: 2018.
  40. Alhassan A, Pumidonming W, Okamura M, Hirata H, Battsetseg B, Fujisaki K, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Development of a single-round and multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of Babesia caballi and Babesia equi in horse blood.. Vet. Parasitol. 2005;129:43–49.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.12.018pubmed: 15817201google scholar: lookup
  41. Kumar S, Sudan V, Shanker D, Devi A. Babesia (Theileria) equi genotype A among Indian equine population.. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 2020;19:100367.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100367pubmed: 32057394google scholar: lookup
  42. Dahmana H, Amanzougaghene N, Davoust B, Normand T, Carette O, Demoncheaux JP, Mulot B, Fabrizy B, Scandola P, Chik M. Great diversity of Piroplasmida in Equidae in Africa and Europe, including potential new species.. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep. 2019;18:100332.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100332pubmed: 31796173google scholar: lookup
  43. Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S. MEGA11: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11.. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2021;38:3022–3027.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msab120pmc: PMC8233496pubmed: 33892491google scholar: lookup
  44. Rozas J, Ferrer-Mata A, Sánchez-DelBarrio JC, Guirao-Rico S, Librado P, Ramos-Onsins SE, Sánchez-Gracia A. DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets.. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2017;34:3299–3302.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/msx248pubmed: 29029172google scholar: lookup
  45. Leigh JW, Bryant D, Nakagawa S. POPART: Full-feature software for haplotype network construction.. Methods Ecol. Evol. 2015;6:1110–1116.
    doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.12410google scholar: lookup
  46. Salcedo J, McCormick K. SPSS Statistics for Dummies.. John Wiley & Sons; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2020.
  47. Onyiche TE, Taioe MO, Molefe NI, Biu AA, Luka J, Omeh IJ, Yokoyama N, Thekisoe O. Equine piroplasmosis: An insight into global exposure of equids from 1990 to 2019 by systematic review and meta-analysis.. Parasitology 2020;147:1411–1424.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182020001407pmc: PMC10317785pubmed: 32741382google scholar: lookup
  48. Phetkarl T, Fungwithaya P, Lewchalermvong K, Sontigun N. Prevalence of gastrointestinal and blood parasites in horses of Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Thailand.. Vet. World. 2024;17:2460–2468.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.2460-2468pmc: PMC11736380pubmed: 39829659google scholar: lookup
  49. Ahedor B, Kothalawala H, Kanagaratnam R, Vimalakumar SC, Otgonsuren D, Tuvshintulga B, Batmagnai E, Silva SSP, Sivakumar T, Yokoyama N. First detection of Theileria equi in free-roaming donkeys (Equus africanus asinus) in Sri Lanka.. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2022;99:105244.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105244pubmed: 35149223google scholar: lookup
  50. Jouglin M, Bonsergent C, de la Cotte N, Mège M, Bizon C, Couroucé A, Lallemand ÉA, Leblond A, Lemonnier LC, Leroux A. Equine piroplasmosis in different geographical areas in France: Prevalence heterogeneity of asymptomatic carriers and low genetic diversity of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi.. Ticks Tick. Borne Dis. 2025;16:102434.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102434pubmed: 39754868google scholar: lookup
  51. Fanyao K. Livestock Parasitology. 2nd ed. China Agricultural University Press; Beijing, China: 2010.
  52. Liu Z. Geographical Distribution and Molecular Characteristics of Ticks and Molecular Detection of Important Tick-borne Pathogens in Northern Xinjiang.. Shihezi University; Shihezi, China: 2019.
  53. Tang L, Wang Y, Liu D, Bu S. Tick Distribution in Xinjiang and Research Progress of Tick-Borne Diseases.. Chin. J. Anim. Infect. Dis. 2022;30:211–216.
  54. Zhang L. Study on Geographical Distribution and Detection Pathogeny of Ticks.. North of Xinjiang, Shihezi University; Shihezi, China: 2014.
  55. Wang B. Species Identification, Phylogenetic Analysis of Hyalomma Species and Molecular Detection of Theileriosis Carried by Hyalomma, Xinjiang.. Xinjiang Agricultural University; Urumqi, China: 2016.
  56. Peipei X. Prokaryotic Expression of RAP-1 Protein of Theileria equi and Its Effect on PBMC of Horse.. Xinjiang Agricultural University; Ürümqi, China: 2020.
  57. Yutao Z, Qiabudan A, Ruiqi S, Bingjie W, Tuerxun, Muheyati S, Bayinchahan. Preliminary report on detection of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi antibodies in herding horses in Fuyun county of Altay.. Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 2016;3:111–113.
  58. Matjila P, Carcy B, Leisewitz A, Schetters T, Jongejan F, Gorenflot A, Penzhorn B. Preliminary evaluation of the Br EMA1 gene as a tool for associating Babesia rossi genotypes and clinical manifestation of canine babesiosis.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2009;47:3586–3592.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.01110-08pmc: PMC2772643pubmed: 19741079google scholar: lookup
  59. Zhao S, Wang H, Zhang S, Xie S, Li H, Zhang X, Jia L. First report of genetic diversity and risk factor analysis of equine piroplasm infection in equids in Jilin, China.. Parasit. Vectors. 2020;13:459.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04338-1pmc: PMC7479743pubmed: 32907616google scholar: lookup
  60. Chen K, Hu Z, Yang G, Guo W, Qi T, Liu D, Wang Y, Du C, Wang X. Development of a duplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi.. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 2022;69:e1338–e1349.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.14464pubmed: 35089645google scholar: lookup
  61. Wang J, Liu J, Yang J, Wang X, Li Z, Xu J, Li X, Xiang Q, Li Y, Liu Z. The first molecular detection and genetic diversity of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in horses of Gansu province, China.. Ticks Tick. Borne Dis. 2019;10:528–532.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.01.003pubmed: 30670354google scholar: lookup
  62. Liang ZQ, Han YF, Zeng GP, Liang JD, Chen WH, Zhang ZY, Dong CB, Shao QY. Haplotype and its application in fungal research.. Mycosystema 2020;15:223–237.
  63. Nkhoma SC, Ahmed AOA, Zaman S, Porier D, Baker Z, Stedman TT. Dissection of haplotype-specific drug response phenotypes in multiclonal malaria isolates.. Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist. 2021;15:152–161.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.03.001pmc: PMC8039770pubmed: 33780700google scholar: lookup
  64. Onyango SA, Machani MG, Ochwedo KO, Oriango RM, Lee MC, Kokwaro E, Afrane YA, Githeko AK, Zhong D, Yan G. Plasmodium falciparum Pfs47 haplotype compatibility to Anopheles gambiae in Kisumu, a malaria-endemic region of Kenya.. Sci. Rep. 2025;15:6550.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84847-6pmc: PMC11850800pubmed: 39994226google scholar: lookup
  65. Torres R, Hurtado C, Pérez-Macchi S, Bittencourt P, Freschi C, de Mello VVC, Machado RZ, André MR, Müller A. Occurrence and Genetic Diversity of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi in Chilean Thoroughbred Racing Horses.. Pathogens 2021;10:714.
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10060714pmc: PMC8226895pubmed: 34200433google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,928 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.