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NPJ biofilms and microbiomes2025; 11(1); 87; doi: 10.1038/s41522-025-00730-w

Multiomic analysis of different horse breeds reveals that gut microbial butyrate enhances racehorse athletic performance.

Abstract: Gut microbes play a vital role in host physiology, but whether specific bacterial functions contribute to the exceptional athletic performance of racehorses needs to be better understood. Here, we identify an association of gut butyrate-producing bacteria with athletic performance in racehorses (Thoroughbred horse). Butyrate-producing bacteria and microbial butyrate synthesis genes were significantly enriched in the racehorse gut, and the GC-MS results confirmed this conclusion. Using a mouse model, we demonstrated that sodium butyrate is sufficient to increase treadmill run time performance. We also show that butyrate improves the host response to exercise, significantly altering muscle fibre type in skeletal muscle, and increasing muscle mitochondrial function and activity. In addition, in-depth analysis of the published data showed that the gene for the synthesis of butyrate was also significantly enriched in the gut microbes of human athletes. Overall, our study indicates that gut microbial butyrate improves run time via the gut-muscle axis, providing novel insights into gut microbial functions and paving the way for improving athletic performance by targeted gut microbiome manipulation.
© 2025. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2025-05-24 PubMed ID: 40410196PubMed Central: PMC12102227DOI: 10.1038/s41522-025-00730-wGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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This study explores the association between gut butyrate-producing bacteria and athletic performance in racehorses. The results suggest that gut microbial butyrate improves running ability through what’s termed the gut-muscle axis, prompting insights into the possible enhancement of athletic performance through targeted gut microbiome manipulation.

Understanding the Role of Gut Microbes in Athletic Performance

  • The core investigation revolves around the influence gut microbes exert on the host’s physiology, particularly focusing on racehorses with exceptional athletic performance. The researchers aimed to discern whether specific bacterial functions significantly contribute to a racehorse’s performance prowess.

Evidence of Gut Microbial Butyrate Enhancing Athletic Performance

  • The study identified a significant association between gut butyrate-producing bacteria and athletic performance. Butyrate-producing bacteria and microbial butyrate synthesis genes were significantly enriched in the gut of the racehorses.
  • The researchers employed Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to confirm the presence and significant enrichment of butyrate in the gut of the racehorses.
  • By creating a mouse model, the researchers found that sodium butyrate increased treadmill run time, demonstrating an improvement in athletic performance attributable directly to the butyrate.

Butyrate’s Implication on Host Response to Exercise

  • The study found that butyrate not only boosted performance but also improved the host’s response to exercise. It caused significant changes in the types of muscle fibers in skeletal muscle and enhanced muscle mitochondrial function and activity.
  • Such findings underline the potential for butyrate to transform the muscle’s physiological response to exercise, thereby contributing to an improved athletic performance.

Presence of Butyrate in Human Athletes

  • Apart from horses, the researchers also identified a significantly enriched presence of the gene for butyrate synthesis in the gut microbes of human athletes, providing additional evidence of butyrate’s possible contribution to athletic performance.
  • This finding broadened the study’s implications, suggesting a possible universal role for butyrate in enhancing athletic performance across different species.

Overall Significance of the Study

  • Overall, the study suggests that gut microbial butyrate significantly improves running performance via influencing the gut-muscle axis, a finding that could revolutionize understanding of gut microbial functions.
  • These findings pave the way for potentially improving athletic performance through targeted manipulation of the gut microbiome. Such interventions could enhance athletic endurance and performance in both animals and humans.

Cite This Article

APA
Li C, Li X, Liu K, Xu J, Yu J, Liu Z, Mach N, Ni W, Liu C, Zhou P, Wang L, Hu S. (2025). Multiomic analysis of different horse breeds reveals that gut microbial butyrate enhances racehorse athletic performance. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 11(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-025-00730-w

Publication

NPJ biofilms and microbiomes
ISSN: 2055-5008
NlmUniqueID: 101666944
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 87
PII: 87

Researcher Affiliations

Li, Cunyuan
  • College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
  • State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
Li, Xiaoyue
  • College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
Liu, Kaiping
  • College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
Xu, Junli
  • Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China.
Yu, Jinming
  • College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
Liu, Zhuang
  • College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
Mach, Núria
  • IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
Ni, Wei
  • College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China. niweiwonderful@sina.com.
  • State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China. niweiwonderful@sina.com.
Liu, Chen
  • Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China.
Zhou, Ping
  • State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
Wang, Limin
  • State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
Hu, Shengwei
  • College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China. hushengwei@163.com.
  • State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China. hushengwei@163.com.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Gastrointestinal Microbiome / genetics
  • Horses / microbiology
  • Horses / physiology
  • Mice
  • Bacteria / metabolism
  • Bacteria / classification
  • Bacteria / genetics
  • Bacteria / isolation & purification
  • Butyrates / metabolism
  • Athletic Performance
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal
  • Butyric Acid / metabolism
  • Muscle, Skeletal / physiology
  • Humans
  • Male

Grant Funding

  • 32360016 / National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
  • 32400045 / National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)

Conflict of Interest Statement

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval: The Animal Care Committee of Shihezi University approved all of the procedures involving animals. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards established in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and subsequent amendments. Winners and riders provided their informed consent before the start of sampling procedures with the animals.

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