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Home / Equine Research Bank / BMC Vet Res / Nasal and tracheobronchial nitric oxide production and its i...
BMC veterinary research2022; 18(1); 134; doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03234-3

Nasal and tracheobronchial nitric oxide production and its influence on oxygenation in horses undergoing total intravenous anaesthesia.

Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of endotracheal intubation on nasal and tracheal endogenous NO concentrations, gas exchange and oxygenation in horses undergoing general anaesthesia. In many species a major part of physiological nitric oxide (NO) production takes place in the nasopharynx. Inhaled NO acts as a pulmonary vasodilator and regulates lung perfusion and endotracheal intubation bypasses the nasopharynx. Six horses were randomly assigned to either the "intubated" (INT) or the "non-intubated" (nINT) treatment group. Horses were premedicated with dexmedetomidine (5 μg/kg IV). Anaesthesia was induced with 2.5 mg/kg ketamine and 0.05 mg/kg diazepam IV, and it was maintained by administration of a triple-drip (100 mg/kg/h guaifenesin, 4 mg/kg/h ketamine, 7 μg/kg/h dexmedetomidine). The horses were spontaneously breathing room air. Heart rate, cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, pulmonary arterial blood pressures and respiratory rate were recorded during a 100-min anaesthesia period. Arterial, venous and mixed venous blood samples were taken every 10 minutes and analysed for partial pressure of oxygen (PO) and carbon dioxide (PCO), oxygen saturation and haemoglobin content. Standard oxygenation indices were calculated. Nasal and tracheal endogenous NO concentration was determined by chemiluminescence. Results: Cardiovascular variables, respiratory rate, PO, PCO, oxygen saturation, haemoglobin content, CaO, OER, PCO and Q/Q did not differ significantly between the two treatment groups. The PO was significantly higher in INT (6.1 ± 0.3 kPa) compared to nINT (4.9 ± 0.1 kPa) (p = 0.045), respectively. The nasal (8.0 ± 6.2 ppb) and tracheal (13.0 ± 6.3 ppb) endogenous NO concentration differed significantly in INT (p = 0.036), but not in nINT (nasal: 16.9 ± 9.0 ppb; tracheal: 18.5 ± 9.5 ppb) (p = 0.215). Conclusions: Endotracheal intubation reduces the nasal and tracheal endogenous NO concentration. The influence on pulmonary gas exchange and oxygenation is negligible in horses breathing room air.
© 2022. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2022-04-11 PubMed ID: 35410207PubMed Central: PMC8996510DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03234-3Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Veterinary

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article details a study on how endotracheal intubation, a procedure often used during anesthesia, influences the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in horses’ nasal and tracheal regions, and subsequently, their oxygenation levels. The researchers found that while intubation does reduce the NO concentration, its overall effect on gas exchange and oxygenation is minimal.

Objective of Study

  • The main purpose of this study was to determine how endotracheal intubation affects the concentrations of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) in the nasal and tracheal areas of horses. Furthermore, the research aimed to consider potential changes in gas exchange and oxygenation as a result.

Research Methodology

  • Six horses underwent general anaesthesia and were divided into two groups: the “intubated” group (INT) and the “non-intubated” group (nINT). The horses were premedicated and anaesthesia was induced and maintained with a cocktail of prescribed drugs.
  • The horses were allowed to breathe in room air naturally and several variables tied to cardiovascular health, along with respiratory rate, were monitored throughout a 100-minute anaesthesia period.
  • Arterial, venous, and mixed venous blood samples were taken every ten minutes and were analysed for partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, oxygen saturation level, and haemoglobin content.
  • The nasal and tracheal endogenous NO was gauged through chemiluminescence, a chemical process that produces and emits light.

Findings

  • The key findings showed no significant difference in cardiovascular variables, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and haemoglobin content between the two groups of horses. However, the study identified that the partial pressure of oxygen was higher in intubated horses compared to non-intubated ones.
  • The investigation crucially noted that endotracheal intubation led to a significant decrease in endogenous NO levels in the nasal and tracheal areas.

Conclusions

  • The conclusion drawn from this research was that endotracheal intubation reduces the concentration of NO in the nasal and tracheal regions. However, the overall effect on pulmonary gas exchange and oxygenation is negligible in horses breathing room air.

Cite This Article

APA
Wilkens HL, Neudeck S, Kästner SBR. (2022). Nasal and tracheobronchial nitric oxide production and its influence on oxygenation in horses undergoing total intravenous anaesthesia. BMC Vet Res, 18(1), 134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03234-3

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 134
PII: 134

Researcher Affiliations

Wilkens, Henriette L
  • Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
Neudeck, Stephan
  • Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany. stephan.neudeck@tiho-hannover.de.
Kästner, Sabine B R
  • Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.

MeSH Terms

  • Anesthesia, General / veterinary
  • Anesthesia, Intravenous / veterinary
  • Animals
  • Dexmedetomidine / pharmacology
  • Horses
  • Ketamine / pharmacology
  • Lung
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Oxygen
  • Respiration

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that there are no competing interests.

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