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Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2003; 47(10); 3046-3052; doi: 10.1128/AAC.47.10.3046-3052.2003

Novel plasmid-borne gene qacJ mediates resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in equine Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus intermedius.

Abstract: We identified a novel plasmid-borne gene (designated qacJ) encoding resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in three staphylococcal species associated with chronic infections in four horses. qacJ was located on a 2,650-bp plasmid (designated pNVH01), a new member of the pC194 family of rolling-circle replication plasmids. The 107-amino-acid protein, QacJ, showed similarities to known proteins of the small multidrug resistance family: Smr/QacC (72.5%), QacG (82.6%), and QacH (73.4%). The benzalkonium chloride MIC for a qacJ-containing recombinant was higher than those for otherwise isogenic recombinants expressing Smr, QacG, or QacH. Molecular epidemiological analyses by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis suggested both the clonal spread of a qacJ-harboring Staphylococcus aureus strain and the horizontal transfer of pNVH01 within and between different equine staphylococcal species. The presence of pNVH01 of identical nucleotide sequence in different staphylococcal species suggests that recent transfer has occurred. In three of the horses, a skin preparation containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide had been used extensively for several years; this might explain the selection of staphylococci harboring the novel QAC resistance gene.
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Publication Date: 2003-09-25 PubMed ID: 14506007PubMed Central: PMC201118DOI: 10.1128/AAC.47.10.3046-3052.2003Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article presents the discovery of a new gene called qacJ, present in certain types of bacteria found in horses, that makes these bacteria resistant to a group of disinfectants called quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). The gene’s action could explain why certain types of chronic bacterial infections in horses are resistant to treatments involving these disinfectants.

Identification of the qacJ gene

  • The researchers found a new gene, qacJ, in three species of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus intermedius) known to cause chronic infections in horses.
  • This gene was found on a novel plasmid (a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA) named pNVH01, belonging to a known family of plasmids (pC194) that propagates using a mechanism known as rolling-circle replication.
  • The researchers determined that qacJ encodes a protein (QacJ) which has similarities to other known proteins associated with drug resistance, including Smr/QacC, QacG, and QacH.

Resistance to Disinfectants

  • The bacterium containing the qacJ gene showed higher resistance than otherwise identical bacteria containing Smr, QacG, or QacH to benzalkonium chloride, a type of QAC disinfectant.
  • This indicates that the presence of qacJ increases the resistance of these bacteria to certain disinfectants.

Spread of qacJ and pNVH01

  • The researchers analyzed the spread of the bacteria containing qacJ and pNVH01 in horses using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, a technique used for the separation and identification of large DNA molecules.
  • They found evidence suggesting that a strain of Staphylococcus aureus containing qacJ and pNVH01 had spread around the horses’ bodies, and that pNVH01 had transferred within and between different bacterial species.
  • The identical sequence of pNVH01 in different bacterial species indicates that recent plasmid transfer has occurred.

Selection Pressure from Disinfectant Usage

  • A skin preparation containing a QAC disinfectant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, had been used extensively in three of the horses for several years.
  • The researchers hypothesize that this may have led to selection pressure driving the proliferation of bacteria containing the QAC resistance gene.

Cite This Article

APA
Bjorland J, Steinum T, Sunde M, Waage S, Heir E. (2003). Novel plasmid-borne gene qacJ mediates resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in equine Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus intermedius. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47(10), 3046-3052. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.47.10.3046-3052.2003

Publication

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
ISSN: 0066-4804
NlmUniqueID: 0315061
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 47
Issue: 10
Pages: 3046-3052

Researcher Affiliations

Bjorland, Jostein
  • Department of Reproduction and Forensic Medicine, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway. jostein.bjorland@veths.no
Steinum, Terje
    Sunde, Marianne
      Waage, Steinar
        Heir, Even

          MeSH Terms

          • Amino Acid Sequence
          • Animals
          • Bacterial Proteins / genetics
          • Base Sequence
          • Drug Resistance, Bacterial / genetics
          • Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
          • Horse Diseases / microbiology
          • Horses
          • Microbial Sensitivity Tests
          • Molecular Epidemiology
          • Molecular Sequence Data
          • Plasmids / genetics
          • Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / pharmacology
          • Sequence Alignment
          • Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
          • Staphylococcal Infections / microbiology
          • Staphylococcus / drug effects
          • Staphylococcus / genetics
          • Staphylococcus aureus / drug effects

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