[Ocular and non-ocular squamous cell carcinomas in the Haflinger: Eight cases at the Institut Suisse de Médecine Equine (2015-2022)].
Abstract: This case series describes the clinical course of ocular and non-ocular squamous cell carinoma (SCC) in the Haflinger horse and is intended to raise awareness of the high recurrence rate and tendency to metastasize. Eight Haflingers with histologically confirmed SCC were included, five ocular and three non-ocular, who were presented at the Institut Suisse de Médecine Équine (ISME) Bern between July 2015 and January 2022. The ocular SCC cases were all presented because of an apparent mass, which in most cases was post-treatment recurrence. The occurrence of recurrences was observed between 3 weeks and 16 years after initial therapy. Four of five Haflingers with ocular SCC had an enucleation, three of which were clinically normal at the time of the completion of this study, one case was euthanized due to confirmed metastases and one due to lameness. The result of enucleations for therapy of ocular SCC was good if no metastases occurred. Of the three non-ocular SCC cases, only one case, a penile SCC, had an apparent mass. Therapy was initiated in this case, while the other two cases were euthanized shortly after diagnosis due to the poor prognosis of SCC in the appropriate locations (maxillary sinus, mandible). Metastases occurred three and two years after removal of the primary tumor in ocular SCC in the scapula, liver and lungs and in non-ocular SCC from the penis to the nostrils. Since a postmortem pathological examination was not carried out on all Haflingers, further metastases cannot be ruled out. Haflingers with SCC should be monitored by a veterinarian over the long term, as recurrences and/or metastases can still occur years later. Diese Fallserie beschreibt den klinischen Verlauf des okulären und nicht-okulären Plattenepithelkarzinoms (SCC) beim Haflinger und soll für die hohe Rezidivrate und Metastasierungstendenz sensibilisieren. Eingeschlossen wurden acht Haflinger mit histologisch bestätigtem SCC, davon fünf okuläre und drei nicht-okuläre, die zwischen Juli 2015 und Januar 2022 an der Pferdeklinik Institut Suisse de Médecine Équine (ISME) Bern vorgestellt wurden. Die okulären SCC wurden alle aufgrund einer augenscheinlichen Masse vorgestellt, bei der es sich in den meisten Fällen um ein Rezidiv nach bereits erfolgter Behandlung handelte. Das Auftreten von Rezidiven wurde zwischen 3 Wochen und 16 Jahren nach initialer Therapie beobachtet. Bei vier von fünf Haflingern mit okulärem SCC wurde eine Enukleation des Augapfels vorgenommen, davon sind drei zum Zeitpunkt des Abschlusses dieser Studie klinisch unauffällig, ein Fall wurde aufgrund bestätigter Metastasen und einer aufgrund von Lahmheit euthanasiert. Das Resultat der Enukleationen zur Therapie der okulären SCC war gut, solange keine Metastasen auftraten. Von den drei nicht-okulären SCC-Fällen wies nur ein Fall, ein SCC am Penis, eine augenscheinliche Masse auf. In diesem Fall wurde eine Therapie eingeleitet, während die beiden anderen Fälle aufgrund der schlechten Prognose von SCC in den entsprechenden Lokalisationen (Sinus maxillaris, Mandibula) kurz nach der Diagnosestellung euthanasiert wurden. Metastasen traten drei bzw. zwei Jahre nach Entfernung des Primärtumors bei einem okulären SCC in Scapula, Leber und Lunge und bei einem nicht-okulären SCC vom Penis in den Bereich der Nüstern auf. Da nicht bei allen Haflingern eine postmortale pathologische Untersuchung durchgeführt wurde, können weitere Metastasen nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Haflinger mit SCC sollten unbedingt langfristig tierärztlich überwacht werden, da auch nach Jahren noch Rezidive und/oder Metastasen auftreten können. Cette série de cas décrit l’évolution clinique des carcinomes épidermoïdes (CE) oculaires et non oculaires chez le cheval Haflinger et vise à faire prendre conscience du taux de récidive élevé et de la tendance à la formation de métastases. Huit Haflinger avec un CE confirmé histologiquement, cinq oculaires et trois non-oculaires, qui ont été présentés à l’Institut Suisse de Médecine Équine (ISME) Berne entre juillet 2015 et janvier 2022, ont été inclus. Les cas de CE oculaires ont tous été présentés en raison d’une masse apparente, qui dans la plupart des cas était une récidive post-traitement. La survenue des récidives a été observée entre 3 semaines et 16 ans après le traitement initial. Quatre des cinq Haflinger atteints de CE oculaire ont subi une énucléation, dont trois étaient cliniquement normaux au moment de l’achèvement de l’étude, un cas ayant été euthanasié en raison de métastases confirmées et un autre en raison d’une boiterie. Le résultat des énucléations pour la thérapie du CE oculaire était bon s’il n’y avait pas de métastases. Sur les trois cas de CE non oculaires, seul un cas, un CE pénien, présentait une masse apparente. Le traitement a été initié dans ce cas, tandis que les deux autres cas ont été euthanasiés peu de temps après le diagnostic en raison du mauvais pronostic des CE dans les localisations constatées (sinus maxillaire, mandibule). Des métastases sont apparues trois et deux ans après l’ablation de la tumeur primaire dans le cas du CE oculaire, au niveau de l’omoplate, du foie et des poumons et, dans un cas de CE non oculaire, celui du pénis, aux narines. Étant donné que tous les Haflinger n’ont pas fait l’objet d’un examen pathologique post-mortem, on ne peut exclure la possibilité d’autres métastases. Les Haflinger atteints de CE doivent être suivis à long terme par un vétérinaire, car des récidives et/ou des métastases peuvent encore survenir des années plus tard. Questa serie di casi descrive l’andamento clinico dei carcinomi a cellule squamose (SCC) oculari e non oculari nel cavallo di razza Avelignese e ha lo scopo di sensibilizzare riguardo all’alta frequenza di recidive e alla propensione alla metastatizzazione. Sono stati inclusi otto Avelignesi con SCC confermati istologicamente, di cui cinque oculari e tre non oculari, che sono stati presentati presso l’Istitut Suisse de Médecine Équine (ISME) di Berna tra luglio 2015 e gennaio 2022. I casi di SCC oculare sono stati tutti presentati a causa di una massa apparente, che nella maggior parte dei casi era una recidiva post-trattamento. La comparsa delle recidive è stata osservata tra 3 settimane e 16 anni dopo la terapia iniziale. Quattro dei cinque Avelignesi affetti da SCC oculare sono stati sottoposti ad enucleazione, tre dei quali erano clinicamente normali al momento della conclusione di questo studio, un caso è stato eutanasizzato a causa di metastasi confermate e uno a causa di zoppia. Il risultato dell’enucleazione come terapia per il SCC oculare è stato positivo se vi erano metastasi. Dei tre casi di SCC non oculare, solo un caso, un SCC penieno, presentava una massa apparente. La terapia è stata avviata in questo caso, mentre gli altri due casi sono stati eutanasizzati poco dopo la diagnosi a causa della scarsa prognosi del SCC dovuta alla loro localizzazione (seno mascellare e mandibola). Le metastasi sono comparse due e tre anni dopo l’asportazione del tumore primario nel SCC oculare nella scapola, nel fegato e nei polmoni, e nel SCC non oculare nel pene e nell’area delle narici. Poiché non è stata effettuata un’analisi patologica post mortem su tutti gli Avelignesi, ulteriori metastasi non possono essere escluse. Gli Avelignesi affetti da SCC dovrebbero essere monitorati a lungo termine da un veterinario, poiché le recidive e/o le metastasi possono ancora verificarsi dopo anni.
Publication Date: 2023-10-12 PubMed ID: 37822247DOI: 10.17236/sat00406Google Scholar: Lookup
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- English Abstract
- Journal Article
Summary
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The research paper investigates the clinical progression of ocular and non-ocular squamous cell carinoma (SCC) in Haflinger horses, highlighting the high recurrence rate and propensity for metastasis. The study involved eight Haflingers diagnosed with SCC, of which five were ocular and three non-ocular, observed at the Institut Suisse de Médecine Équine between July 2015 and January 2022.
Case Overview
- The study followed eight cases of Haflinger horses diagnosed with histologically confirmed SCC.
- These cases comprised five ocular and three non-ocular SCC.
- All these horses were presented at the Institut Suisse de Médecine Équine in Bern, Switzerland, between July 2015 and January 2022.
Observations and Treatment
- All ocular SCC cases were identified due to an observable mass, which in most instances was post-treatment recurrence.
- Recurrences were noted to occur between 3 weeks and 16 years following initial therapy.
- Four of the five horses with ocular SCC underwent a procedure called enucleation. One was euthanized due to confirmed metastasis, while another was euthanized owing to lameness.
- Among the three non-ocular SCC cases, only one, a penile SCC, presented with an apparent mass. This case received treatment, while the other two cases were euthanized shortly after diagnosis due to the poor prognosis of SCC.
Outcomes
- The result of enucleations for therapy of ocular SCC was generally good, except in instances of metastasis.
- Four out of five horses displaying ocular SCC appeared clinically normal at the time the study concluded.
- Metastasis took place three and two years after the removal of the primary tumor in both ocular and non-ocular SCC, spreading to various locations including the scapula, liver, lungs, and from penile SCC to the nostrils.
Key Findings and Conclusions
- As not all horses underwent a postmortem pathological examination, it’s possible that other metastasis might have occurred but were not detected.
- Long-term veterinary monitoring of Haflinger horses diagnosed with SCC is recommended, as recurrences and/or metastasis can still occur several years later.
Cite This Article
APA
Schäfer J, Graubner C, Gerber V, Drögemüller C, Underberg J, Gurtner C, Unger L.
(2023).
[Ocular and non-ocular squamous cell carcinomas in the Haflinger: Eight cases at the Institut Suisse de Médecine Equine (2015-2022)].
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 165(10), 644-655.
https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00406 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Institut Suisse de Médecine Equine (ISME), Departement für klinische Veterinärmedizin, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Bern.
- Institut Suisse de Médecine Equine (ISME), Departement für klinische Veterinärmedizin, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Bern.
- Institut Suisse de Médecine Equine (ISME), Departement für klinische Veterinärmedizin, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Bern.
- Institut für Genetik, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Bern.
- Klinische Radiologie, Departement für klinische Veterinärmedizin, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Bern.
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Bern.
- Institut Suisse de Médecine Equine (ISME), Departement für klinische Veterinärmedizin, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Bern.
MeSH Terms
- Male
- Horses
- Animals
- Eye Neoplasms / veterinary
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / veterinary
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / epidemiology
- Epithelial Cells / pathology
- Penis / pathology
- Horse Diseases
Citations
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