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Home / Equine Research Bank / Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci / Palisade Endings Are a Constant Feature in the Extraocular M...
Investigative ophthalmology & visual science2016; 57(2); 320-331; doi: 10.1167/iovs.15-18716

Palisade Endings Are a Constant Feature in the Extraocular Muscles of Frontal-Eyed, But Not Lateral-Eyed, Animals.

Abstract: To test whether palisade endings are a general feature of mammalian extraocular muscles (EOMs). Methods: Thirteen species, some frontal-eyed (human, monkey, cat, and ferret), and others lateral-eyed (pig, sheep, calf, horse, rabbit, rat, mouse, gerbil, and guinea pig) were analyzed. Palisade endings were labeled by using different combinations of immunofluorescence techniques. Three-dimensional reconstructions of immunolabeled palisade endings were done. Results: In all frontal-eyed species, palisade endings were a consistent feature in the rectus EOMs. Their total number was high and they exhibited an EOM-specific distribution. In particular, the number of palisade endings in the medial recti was significantly higher than in the other rectus muscles. In the lateral-eyed animals, palisade endings were infrequent and, when present, their total number was rather low. They were only found in ungulates (sheep, calf, pig, and horse) and in rabbit. In rodents (rat, guinea pig, mouse, and gerbil) palisade endings were found infrequently (e.g., rat) or were completely absent. Palisade endings in frontal-eyed species and in some lateral-eyed species (pig, sheep, calf, and horse) had a uniform morphology. They generally lacked α-bungarotoxin staining, with a few exceptions in primates. Palisade endings in other lateral-eyed species (rabbit and rat) exhibited a simplified morphology and bound α-bungarotoxin. Conclusions: Palisade endings are not a universal feature of mammalian EOMs. So, if they are proprioceptors, not all species require them. Because in frontal-eyed species, the medial rectus muscle has the highest number of palisade endings, they likely play a special role in convergence.
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Publication Date: 2016-02-03 PubMed ID: 26830369PubMed Central: PMC4826744DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18716Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigated whether palisade endings, specialized nerve structures believed to provide sensitivity to muscle movement, are a general feature of eye-movement controlling muscles (EOMs) in mammals. Through the study of thirteen species, the researchers found that these structures are consistently present in frontal-eyed animals but infrequent or absent in lateral-eyed species.

Methodology

  • The authors studied thirteen different species categorized as either frontal-eyed or lateral-eyed. The frontal-eyed animal subjects studied were humans, monkeys, cats, and ferrets. Lateral-eyed animals studied were pigs, sheep, calves, horses, rabbits, rats, mice, gerbils, and guinea pigs.
  • Palisade endings – nerve fibers believed to be associated with sensitivity to muscle movement – were identified using a range of immunofluorescence techniques.
  • Three-dimensional reconstructions of these immunolabeled palisade endings were made for further analysis.

Results

  • The presence of palisade endings was a consistent feature in the EOMs of all frontal-eyed species studied. Additionally, their number was high and their distribution varied depending on the muscle type within the EOMs.
  • In lateral-eyed animals, palisade endings were less frequent and their total number lower compared to frontal-eyed species. Among this group, these structures were only noted in ungulates (sheep, calf, pig, horse) and in rabbits.
  • Rodents (rat, guinea pig, mouse, gerbil) either exhibited infrequent palisade endings (rat) or lacked them completely (mouse, guinea pig, gerbil).
  • Palisade endings in frontal-eyed species and in some lateral-eyed species displayed a consistent morphology, generally lacked α-bungarotoxin staining, with a few exceptions in primates. Palisade endings in other lateral-eyed species (rabbit and rat) displayed a simpler morphology and bound α-bungarotoxin.

Conclusions

  • Palisade endings are not a consistent feature across all mammals’ EOMs. This suggests that if they serve a sensory function, not all species need them to control eye movement.
  • The study noted a higher prevalence of palisade endings in the medial rectus muscle (a muscle involved in the inward turning of the eye) in frontal-eyed species, hinting at a specialized role for these structures in this species group, potentially in facilitating convergence (the ability of the eyes to focus on a single near object).

Cite This Article

APA
Blumer R, Maurer-Gesek B, Gesslbauer B, Blumer M, Pechriggl E, Davis-López de Carrizosa MA, Horn AK, May PJ, Streicher J, de la Cruz RR, Pastor ÁM. (2016). Palisade Endings Are a Constant Feature in the Extraocular Muscles of Frontal-Eyed, But Not Lateral-Eyed, Animals. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 57(2), 320-331. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-18716

Publication

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
ISSN: 1552-5783
NlmUniqueID: 7703701
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 57
Issue: 2
Pages: 320-331

Researcher Affiliations

Blumer, Roland
  • Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology Integrative Morphology Group, MIC, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Maurer-Gesek, Barbara
  • Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology Integrative Morphology Group, MIC, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Gesslbauer, Bernhard
  • CD-Laboratory for Extremity Reconstruction, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Blumer, Michael
  • Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
Pechriggl, Elisabeth
  • Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
Davis-López de Carrizosa, María A
  • Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
Horn, Anja K
  • Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximillian University, Munich, Germany.
May, Paul J
  • Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States.
Streicher, Johannes
  • Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology Integrative Morphology Group, MIC, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria 7Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria.
de la Cruz, Rosa R
  • Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
Pastor, Ángel M
  • Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bungarotoxins / metabolism
  • Cats
  • Cattle
  • Choline O-Acetyltransferase / metabolism
  • Ferrets
  • Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
  • Functional Laterality / physiology
  • Gerbillinae
  • Guinea Pigs
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Macaca
  • Mice
  • Microscopy, Confocal
  • Motor Neurons / physiology
  • Nerve Endings / physiology
  • Neurofilament Proteins / metabolism
  • Ocular Physiological Phenomena
  • Oculomotor Muscles / innervation
  • Proprioception / physiology
  • Rabbits
  • Rats
  • Sensory Receptor Cells / metabolism
  • Sheep
  • Swine

Grant Funding

  • P 20881 / Austrian Science Fund FWF
  • R01 EY014263 / NEI NIH HHS
  • ES04/2010 / NIEHS NIH HHS
  • AT2009-0039 / NCCIH NIH HHS

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Citations

This article has been cited 16 times.
  1. Paduca A, Lundmark PO, Bruenech JR. Does Surgical Resection of Horizontal Extraocular Muscles Disrupt Ocular Proprioceptors?. Clin Ophthalmol 2023;17:1395-1405.
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