Phospholipase C Zeta 1 (PLCZ1): The Function and Potential for Fertility Assessment and In Vitro Embryo Production in Cattle and Horses.

Gonzalez-Castro, RA
·
Carnevale, EM

Abstract: Phospholipase C Zeta 1 (PLCZ1) is considered a major sperm-borne oocyte activation factor. After gamete fusion, PLCZ1 triggers calcium oscillations in the oocyte, resulting in oocyte activation. In assisted fertilization, oocyte activation failure is a major cause of low fertility. Most cases of oocyte activation failures in humans related to male infertility are associated with gene mutations and/or altered PLCZ1. Consequently, PLCZ1 evaluation could be an effective diagnostic marker and predictor of sperm fertilizing potential for in vivo and in vitro embryo production. The characterization of PLCZ1 has been principally investigated in men and mice, with less known about the PLCZ1 impact on assisted reproduction in other species, such as cattle and horses. In horses, sperm PLCZ1 varies among stallions, and sperm populations with high PLCZ1 are associated with cleavage after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In contrast, bull sperm is less able to initiate calcium oscillations and undergo nuclear remodeling, resulting in poor cleavage after ICSI. Advantageously, injections of PLCZ1 are able to rescue oocyte failure in mouse oocytes after ICSI, promoting full development and birth. However, further research is needed to optimize PLCZ1 diagnostic tests for consistent association with fertility and to determine whether PLCZ1 as an oocyte-activating treatment is a physiological, efficient, and safe method for improving assisted fertilization in cattle and horses.

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Publication Date: 2023-12-11 PubMed ID: 38133249PubMed Central: PMC10747197DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120698Google Scholar: Lookup

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This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research focuses on the role of Phospholipase C Zeta 1 (PLCZ1) as a primary activator of oocytes. It suggests that assessing PLCZ1 could help diagnose and predict sperm fertility. It also examines the potential of PLCZ1 to boost fertilization in cattle and horses, where current data is limited.

Function of PLCZ1 and its Potential for Fertility Assessment

PLCZ1 is a sperm-borne oocyte activator. When an oocyte or egg cell combines with a sperm cell, PLCZ1 catalyzes calcium oscillations in the oocyte, activating it.
A significant cause of low fertility in assisted fertilization procedures is the failure of oocyte activation. In majority of human cases, this failure is linked to male infertility and is often associated with mutations in the PLCZ1 gene or changes in the levels of PLCZ1.
Therefore, evaluating PLCZ1 could serve as a reliable marker for diagnosing fertility issues and predicting the fertilization potential of sperm. This could be beneficial for both natural and in vitro (lab-assisted) embryo production.

Research on PLCZ1 in Different Species

Current understanding of PLCZ1 is primarily based on studies in humans and mice, with limited knowledge on its role and impact on other species, especially large mammals like cattle and horses.
Studies have found variations in sperm PLCZ1 levels among individual stallions, with sperm populations high in PLCZ1 correlating with successful cleavage – the division of cells in the early embryo – following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), an assisted fertilization technique.
Contrastingly, sperm from bulls seems less competent in initiating calcium oscillations and performing nuclear remodeling, leading to inadequate cleavage post-ICSI.

PLCZ1 as a Treatment for Fertility Improvement

Experiments have shown that introducing injections of PLCZ1 can remedy instances of oocyte activation failure in mouse oocytes, leading to full development and birth.
Despite these promising results, further research is required to develop and optimize PLCZ1 diagnostic tests that consistently correlate with fertility results. Additionally, it’s crucial to ascertain if using PLCZ1 as an oocyte-activating treatment is a biologically sound, efficient, and safe method for improving assisted fertilization in cattle and horses.

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APA

Gonzalez-Castro RA, Carnevale EM. (2023). Phospholipase C Zeta 1 (PLCZ1): The Function and Potential for Fertility Assessment and In Vitro Embryo Production in Cattle and Horses. Vet Sci, 10(12), 698. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10120698

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Veterinary sciences

ISSN: 2306-7381

NlmUniqueID: 101680127

Country: Switzerland

Language: English

Volume: 10

Issue: 12

PII: 698

Researcher Affiliations

Gonzalez-Castro, Raul A

Equine Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.

Carnevale, Elaine M

Equine Reproduction Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.

Grant Funding

NA / The Cecil and Irene Hylton Foundation

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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