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Brain structure & function2025; 230(6); 115; doi: 10.1007/s00429-025-02981-x

Phylogenetic variation of layer II cortical immature neurons in dog and horse confirms covariance with brain size and neocortical surface.

Abstract: Recent research in brain structural plasticity has identified "immature" or "dormant" neurons in layer II of the cerebral cortex (cortical immature neurons; cINs), cells that remain in a prolonged state of arrested development but retain the ability to resume maturation and integrate functionally into mature cortical circuits. These immature cells are far more abundant in large-brained mammals, being restricted to paleocortex (piriform cortex) in small-brained rodents and extending in the widely expanded neocortical mantle of species with large gyrencephalic brains. In a previous systematic analysis, using a comparable method for quantification in eight mammalian species, including mice, chimpanzees, and others of diverse phylogenetic backgrounds and neuroanatomical structure, cIN density showed covariation with brain size. Notably, however, members of the order Carnivora (cats and foxes) displayed the highest cIN densities with respect to sheep and chimpanzees, endowed with larger brains. Here we used the same method to characterize and quantify the cINs in the cerebral cortex of dogs (carnivores) and horses (herbivores with a very large brain) to investigate the position of these two species in the phylogenetic variation. Our results further strengthen the finding of covariance between cIN density and increasing brain size and confirm a relationship with neocortical expansion. These results support the emerging view that immature or dormant neurons may represent a reservoir of undifferentiated (stem cell-independent) neuronal cells for the widely expanded cortices of mammals endowed with high order cognitive functions.
© 2025. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2025-07-07 PubMed ID: 40622463PubMed Central: PMC12234597DOI: 10.1007/s00429-025-02981-xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examines the correlation between the amount of dormant neurons in the brain’s second cortical layer and the size of the brain in various animal species. A higher number of these neurons were found in animals with larger brains, such as dogs and horses.

Background and Objective

  • The focus of the research lies on “immature” or “dormant” neurons located in the second layer of the cerebral cortex. These neuronal cells stay in a state of delayed development but can restart their maturation process and become integrated into mature neural circuits.
  • The study seeks to characterize and quantify these cortical immature neurons in the brains of dogs and horses and compare them to other mammals in order to further understand the correlation of these neuron densities with brain size and phylogenetic differences.

Findings and Significance

  • The research reveals that these cortical immature neurons are more prevalent in larger-brained mammals and consistently distributed in relation to the brain’s size. Particularly, the study points out that members of the order Carnivora such as cats and dogs and large-brained herbivores like horses possess the highest densities of these neuronal cells.
  • The results of the research reaffirm the correlation between the density of cortical immature neurons and an increasing brain size. More so, the evidence suggests a link between these neuron densities and the expansion of the neocortex—a larger area of the brain associated with higher cognitive functions.
  • This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of brain structural plasticity in relation to brain size across different species. It supports the emerging belief that these immature neurons could potentially serve as a source of undifferentiated (non-stem cell dependent) neuronal cells for the extended cortices in mammals with advanced cognitive functions.

Cite This Article

APA
Pattaro A, Ghibaudi M, Corrente C, Telitsyn N, Graic JM, Aresu L, Sherwood CC, Bonfanti L. (2025). Phylogenetic variation of layer II cortical immature neurons in dog and horse confirms covariance with brain size and neocortical surface. Brain Struct Funct, 230(6), 115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-025-02981-x

Publication

Brain structure & function
ISSN: 1863-2661
NlmUniqueID: 101282001
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 230
Issue: 6
Pages: 115
PII: 115

Researcher Affiliations

Pattaro, Alessia
  • Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy.
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
Ghibaudi, Marco
  • Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy.
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
Corrente, Chiara
  • Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy.
Telitsyn, Nikita
  • Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy.
Graic, Jean-Marie
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
Aresu, Luca
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
Sherwood, Chet C
  • Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.
Bonfanti, Luca
  • Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy. luca.bonfanti@unito.it.
  • Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy. luca.bonfanti@unito.it.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Phylogeny
  • Neocortex / cytology
  • Dogs / anatomy & histology
  • Horses / anatomy & histology
  • Neurons / cytology
  • Neurons / physiology
  • Organ Size
  • Cerebral Cortex / cytology
  • Male
  • Brain / anatomy & histology
  • Species Specificity
  • Female
  • Cell Count
  • Neural Stem Cells / cytology

Grant Funding

  • 67935-2021.2174 / Compagnia di San Paolo
  • RF=2022.0618 / Fondazione CRT - Cassa di Risparmio di Torino
  • 2022LB4X3N / Ministero dell'Istruzione e del Merito

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Competing interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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