FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Res Commun / Post-surgical seroreversion in a case of equine cutaneous le...
Veterinary research communications2026; 50(2); 91; doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-11031-0

Post-surgical seroreversion in a case of equine cutaneous leishmaniosis by Leishmania infantum.

Abstract: Equine leishmaniosis, caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted by infected sand flies, has been increasingly reported in Europe, although clinical and immunological data remain scarce. We describe a 10-year-old mare from southern Spain presenting with periocular nodular lesions. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed granulomatous dermatitis with intrahistiocytic Leishmania amastigotes. Additionally, Leishmania infantum DNA was detected in paraffin embedded skin biopsy. Following surgical removal of the lesions, sequential serological monitoring using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescent antibody tests were performed over 90 days. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western Blot results varied depending on conjugate type (Protein A versus Protein A/G). Western Blot revealed immunoreactivity against multiple Leishmania infantum antigen fractions, including early infection markers 14-16 kDa by conjugated Protein A/G and the absence of band by conjugated Protein A. Immunofluorescent antibody test using an anti-horse IgG fluorescein-labeled conjugate, where titers declined from 1:160 at 45 days to seronegativity by day 90, indicating antibody seroreversion within three months post-surgery. Similar results were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the absence of detection by Protein A but seropositivity was detected by Protein A/G. Finally, no parasitemia was detected by molecular test during the follow-up. This case represents the first documented seroreversion kinetics in equine leishmaniosis and highlights the low and transient humoral response in horses compared to dogs. Our findings underscore the importance of combining histopathology and immunohistochemistry, for the accurate equine leishmaniosis diagnosis, and emphasize the need for further studies to clarify the epidemiological role of horses in Leishmania infantum transmission.
© 2025. The Author(s).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2026-01-08 PubMed ID: 41504811PubMed Central: PMC12783306DOI: 10.1007/s11259-025-11031-0Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Case Reports

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study reports the case of a 10-year-old mare in southern Spain infected with Leishmania infantum, causing equine cutaneous leishmaniosis.
  • It details the diagnosis, surgical treatment, and sequential monitoring of the horse’s immune response, documenting for the first time the kinetics of antibody seroreversion after lesion removal.

Background

  • Equine leishmaniosis is an emerging disease in Europe caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum, which is transmitted by sand fly bites.
  • The disease in horses is less studied compared to dogs, and there is limited knowledge about the clinical signs, immune responses, and disease progression in horses.
  • Infection typically causes dermatological lesions characterized by granulomatous inflammation where the parasite resides inside histiocytes (a type of immune cell).

Case Description

  • The subject was a 10-year-old mare presenting with nodular lesions around the eyes (periocular region).
  • Diagnosis was confirmed with:
    • Histopathology showing granulomatous dermatitis.
    • Immunohistochemistry identifying Leishmania amastigote forms inside histiocytes.
    • Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in a skin biopsy sample processed in paraffin.
  • The lesions were surgically removed as part of the treatment.

Serological Monitoring and Immune Response

  • Following surgery, the horse was monitored for antibody levels for 90 days, using:
    • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
    • Western Blot (WB).
    • Immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT).
  • Different types of conjugates (Protein A and Protein A/G) were used, resulting in:
    • Variable ELISA and WB results depending on the conjugate.
    • WB with Protein A/G detected immune responses against multiple L. infantum antigen fractions, including early infection markers at 14-16 kDa.
    • WB with Protein A did not detect these specific bands, showing differing sensitivity.
  • Immunofluorescence showed antibody titers declining from 1:160 at 45 days post-surgery to seronegative by 90 days, demonstrating antibody seroreversion (loss of detectable antibodies) within three months.
  • ELISA results parallel the IFAT findings:
    • No antibody detection with Protein A conjugate.
    • Positivity detected with Protein A/G.

Parasitological Monitoring

  • During follow-up, molecular testing showed no evidence of parasitemia (circulating parasites in the blood).
  • This suggests effective surgical removal and absence of systemic infection during the monitored period.

Significance and Conclusions

  • This is the first case documenting antibody seroreversion kinetics in equine leishmaniosis, highlighting that:
    • Horses exhibit a lower and more transient antibody response to L. infantum infection compared to dogs, which usually show stronger and long-lasting antibodies.
  • The study emphasizes the importance of:
    • Using combined diagnostic approaches — histopathology, immunohistochemistry, molecular detection, and different serological tests — for accurate diagnosis in horses.
    • Recognizing that serological tests may vary in sensitivity depending on the method and reagents used.
  • These findings suggest that horses may have a distinct immunological profile in leishmaniosis, potentially impacting their role as reservoirs or in transmission dynamics.
  • Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiological role of horses in the spread of Leishmania infantum.

Cite This Article

APA
Murillo A, Lebrero ME, Valdés M, Ramos J, Villanueva-Saz S, Davies JE, Gómez Á, Pérez E, Riera C, Marteles-Aragüés D. (2026). Post-surgical seroreversion in a case of equine cutaneous leishmaniosis by Leishmania infantum. Vet Res Commun, 50(2), 91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-025-11031-0

Publication

Veterinary research communications
ISSN: 1573-7446
NlmUniqueID: 8100520
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 50
Issue: 2
Pages: 91
PII: 91

Researcher Affiliations

Murillo, Antonio
  • Hospital de Referencia La Equina, Camino de Martagina Km 1, Manilva, 29692, Málaga, Spain.
Lebrero, María Eugenia
  • Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
  • Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
Valdés, Miguel
  • Hospital de Referencia La Equina, Camino de Martagina Km 1, Manilva, 29692, Málaga, Spain.
Ramos, Joana
  • Equine Care Group Spain, Calle Santa Engracia, 14-16, 28010, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.
Villanueva-Saz, Sergio
  • Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain. svs@unizar.es.
  • Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain. svs@unizar.es.
  • Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain. svs@unizar.es.
Davies, Janine E
  • Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
  • Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
Gómez, Álex
  • Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
  • Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
Pérez, Estela
  • Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
  • Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
Riera, Cristina
  • Departament de Biologia, Salut I Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. De Joan XXIII, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
Marteles-Aragüés, Diana
  • Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain. dmartelesaragues@unizar.es.
  • Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Calle Miguel Servet, 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain. dmartelesaragues@unizar.es.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Leishmania infantum / isolation & purification
  • Horses
  • Horse Diseases / surgery
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Female
  • Leishmaniasis, Visceral / veterinary
  • Leishmaniasis, Visceral / surgery
  • Leishmaniasis, Visceral / parasitology
  • Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / veterinary
  • Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / surgery
  • Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / parasitology
  • Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / immunology
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Ethical approval: The animal was sampled with the owner´s consent and due to spontaneous clinical disease. No additional ethical approval was required. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent to publish: Not applicable. Competing interest: All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors. All authors declare that they have no competing interests. Sergio Villanueva-Saz is an Associate Editor for the journal and has not taken part in the manuscript's peer review process.

References

This article includes 45 references
  1. Abranches P, Santos-Gomes G, Rachamim N, Campino L, Schnur LF, Jaffe CL. An experimental model for canine visceral leishmaniasis.. Parasit Immunol 13:537–550.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1991.tb00550.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  2. Alvar J, Cañavate C, Molina R, Moreno J, Nieto J. Canine leishmaniasis.. Adv Parasitol 57:1–88.
    doi: 10.1016/S0065-308X(04)57001-Xpubmed: 15504537google scholar: lookup
  3. Alves GB, LdosS S, Batista JF, Campos AP, Prianti Md, Costa FA. The sero-conversion and evaluation of renal alterations in dogs infected by .. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 55:105–112.
    doi: 10.1590/s0036-46652013000200007pubmed: 23563763google scholar: lookup
  4. Alcover MM, Basurco A, Fernandez A. A cross-sectional study of infection in stray cats in the city of Zaragoza (Spain) using serology and PCR.. Parasit Vectors 14:178.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04682-wpmc: PMC7992781pubmed: 33766113google scholar: lookup
  5. Amusategui I, Sainz A, Tesouro MA. Effects of antimonial therapy for canine leishmaniasis on antibody titer.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 849:444–446.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11093.xpubmed: 9668509google scholar: lookup
  6. Cardoso L, Schallig H, Persichetti MF, Pennisi MG. New epidemiological aspects of animal leishmaniosis in Europe: the role of vertebrate hosts other than dogs.. Pathogens 10:307.
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10030307pmc: PMC8000700pubmed: 33800782google scholar: lookup
  7. Castellano LR, Filho DC, Argiro L, Dessein H, Prata A, Dessein A, Rodrigues V. Th1/Th2 immune responses are associated with active cutaneous leishmaniasis and clinical cure is associated with strong interferon-gamma production.. Hum Immunol 70:383–390.
    doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.01.007pubmed: 19480861google scholar: lookup
  8. Cavalera MA, Iatta R, Panarese R, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Gernone F, Otranto D, Paltrinieri S, Zatelli A. Seasonal variation in canine anti- antibody titres.. Vet J 271:105638.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105638pubmed: 33840483google scholar: lookup
  9. De Vries HJ, Reedijk SH, Schallig HD. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: recent developments in diagnosis and management.. Am J Clin Dermatol 16:99–109.
    doi: 10.1007/s40257-015-0114-zpmc: PMC4363483pubmed: 25687688google scholar: lookup
  10. Del Carmen Aranda M, Villora J, Giner J, Fernández A, Quilez P, Davies JE, Pérez MD, Villanueva-Saz S, Marteles D. A longitudinal study on the detection of anti- antibodies in a captive European mink () population and their correlation with serum protein electrophoresis.. Res Vet Sci 185:105541.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2025.105541pubmed: 39837108google scholar: lookup
  11. Fernández-Bellon H, Solano-Gallego L, Bardagí M, Alberola J, Ramis A, Ferrer L. Immune response to in healthy horses in Spain.. Vet Parasitol 135:181–185.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.09.007pubmed: 16213661google scholar: lookup
  12. Francino O, Altet L, Sánchez-Robert E, Rodriguez A, Solano-Gallego L, Alberola J, Ferrer L, Sánchez A, Roura X. Advantages of real-time PCR assay for diagnosis and monitoring of canine leishmaniosis.. Vet Parasitol 137:214–221.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.011pubmed: 16473467google scholar: lookup
  13. Gama A, Elias J, Ribeiro AJ, Alegria N, Schallig HD, Silva F, Santarém N, Cardoso L, Cotovio M. Cutaneous leishmaniosis in a horse from northern Portugal.. Vet Parasitol 200:189–192.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.005pubmed: 24388338google scholar: lookup
  14. García M, García N, Ferrer L, Ordeix L. Chronic -induced cutaneous lesions in dogs with null or low humoral immune response.. Vet Dermatol 35:92–120.
    doi: 10.1111/vde.13222pubmed: 38111011google scholar: lookup
  15. Giner J, Basurco A, Alcover MM, Riera C, Fisa R, López RA, Juan-Sallés C, Verde MT, Fernández A, Yzuel A, Villanueva-Saz S. First report on natural infection with in a domestic ferret () in Spain.. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 19:100369.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100369pmc: PMC7103921pubmed: 32057396google scholar: lookup
  16. Goto H, Lindoso JA. Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 2010;8:419–433.
    doi: 10.1586/eri.10.19pubmed: 20377337google scholar: lookup
  17. Gow I, Smith NC, Stark D, Ellis J. Laboratory diagnostics for human infections: a polymerase chain reaction-focussed review of detection and identification methods. Parasit Vectors 2022;15:412.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05524-zpmc: PMC9636697pubmed: 36335408google scholar: lookup
  18. Gradoni L, Bongiorno L, Fiorentino E, Foglia Manzillo V, Gizzarelli M, Oliva G. A hamster model of defective sand-fly transmission may explain the occurrence of canine Leishmania seroreactors without evidence of infection in endemic areas of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. Proceeding of the 10 International Symposium on Phlebotomine Sandflies, San Cristóbal – Galápagos (Ecuador) 2019;pp 16–19.
  19. Italiya J, Straková P, Pavlačík L, Váhala J, Hyjánek JH, Salát J, Růžek D, Komárková D, Černý J. Wildlife sentinel: development of multispecies protein A-ELISA for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in zoo animals as a proof of concept for wildlife surveillance. J Wildl Dis 2025;61:396–407.
    doi: 10.7589/JWD-D-24-00028pubmed: 40103425google scholar: lookup
  20. Kar K. Serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. Crit Rev Microbiol 1995;21:123–152.
    doi: 10.3109/10408419509113537pubmed: 7639932google scholar: lookup
  21. Koehler K, Stechele M, Hetzel U, Domingo M, Schönian G, Zahner H, Burkhardt E. Cutaneous leishmaniosis in a horse in southern Germany caused by . Vet Parasitol 2002;109:9–17.
    doi: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00246-7pubmed: 12383621google scholar: lookup
  22. Maia C, Campino L. Methods for diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis and immune response to infection. Vet Parasitol 2008;158:274–287.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.07.028pubmed: 18789583google scholar: lookup
  23. Marteles D, Martínez MV, Fernández A, Riera C, Fisa R, Roca-Geronès X, Chavez-Fisa S, Castañeda S, Ramírez JD, Davis JE, Sumova P, Volf P, Verde M, González A, Alcover MM, Villanueva-Saz S. Assessment of the exposure to and the presence of anti- antibodies in stray cats in an endemic region of Spain, and their potential correlation with environmental factors. Vet Q 2024;44:1–8.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2421308pmc: PMC11544736pubmed: 39508077google scholar: lookup
  24. Martín-Sánchez J, Trujillos-Pérez MÁ, Torres-Llamas A, Díaz-Sáez V, Morillas-Márquez F, Ibáñez-De Haro P, de Torres FL, Ortiz A, Morales-Yuste M. Seroepidemiological surveillance of livestock within an endemic focus of leishmaniasis caused by . Animals 2025;15:1511.
    doi: 10.3390/ani15111511pmc: PMC12153647pubmed: 40508979google scholar: lookup
  25. Martínez-Moreno A, Moreno T, Martínez-Moreno FJ, Acosta I, Hernández S. Humoral and cell-mediated immunity in natural and experimental canine leishmaniasis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1995;48:209–220.
    doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05434-8pubmed: 8578681google scholar: lookup
  26. Mary C, Lamouroux D, Dunan S, Quilici M. Western blot analysis of antibodies to antigens: potential of the 14-kD and 16-kD antigens for diagnosis and epidemiologic purposes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992;47:764–771.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1992.47.764pubmed: 1281966google scholar: lookup
  27. Millán J, Ferroglio E, Solano-Gallego L. Role of wildlife in the epidemiology of infection in Europe. Parasitol Res 2014;113:2005–2014.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-014-3929-2pubmed: 24804923google scholar: lookup
  28. Olías-Molero AI, Corral MJ, Jiménez-Antón MD, Alunda JM. Early antibody response and clinical outcome in experimental canine leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2019;9:18606.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55087-wpmc: PMC6901516pubmed: 31819140google scholar: lookup
  29. Paltrinieri S, Solano-Gallego L, Fondati A, Lubas G, Gradoni L, Castagnaro M, Crotti A, Maroli M, Oliva G, Roura X, Zatelli A, Zini E. Guidelines for diagnosis and clinical classification of leishmaniasis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;236:1184–1191.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.236.11.1184pubmed: 20513195google scholar: lookup
  30. Pareyn M, Alves F, Burza S, Chakravarty J, Alvar J, Diro E, Kaye PM, van Griensven J. Leishmaniasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2025;11:81.
    doi: 10.1038/s41572-025-00663-wpubmed: 41266459google scholar: lookup
  31. Portús M, Gállego M, Riera C, Aisa MJ, Fisa R, Castillejo S. Wild and domestic mammals in the life cycle of in Southwest Europe. A literature review and studies performed in Catalonia (Spain). Revista Iberica De Parasitologia 2002;62:72–76.
  32. Quinnell RJ, Courtenay O. Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 2009;136:1915–1934.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182009991156pubmed: 19835643google scholar: lookup
  33. Reimão JQ, Coser EM, Lee MR, Coelho AC. Laboratory diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis: current and future methods. Microorganisms 2020;8:1632.
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8111632pmc: PMC7690623pubmed: 33105784google scholar: lookup
  34. Reis AB, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Carvalho MG, Mayrink W, França-Silva JC, Giunchetti RC, Genaro O, Corrêa-Oliveira R. Parasite density and impaired biochemical/hematological status are associated with severe clinical aspects of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Res Vet Sci 2006;81:68–75.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.09.011pubmed: 16288789google scholar: lookup
  35. Rolão N, Martins MJ, João A, Campino L. Equine infection with in Portugal. Parasite 2005;12:183–186.
    doi: 10.1051/parasite/2005122183pubmed: 15991833google scholar: lookup
  36. Ruiz H, Ferra-Serra J, Fernández A, Verde M, Arenal J, Solsona A, Bolea S, Villanueva-Saz. 0–083 clinical leishmaniosis due to in a goat: clinical findings and treatment response. Animal-Science Proc 2023;14:117.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anscip.2023.01.159google scholar: lookup
  37. Sgorbini M, Bonelli F, Pizzolli I, Tognetti R, Corazza M. Seroprevalence of sp. infection in healthy horses housed in endemic areas in Tuscany. J Equine Vet Sci 2014;34:572–574.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.09.009google scholar: lookup
  38. Solano-Gallego L, Fernández-Bellon H, Serra R, Gállego M, Ramis A, Fondevila D, Ferrer L. Cutaneous leishmaniosis in three horses in Spain. Equine Vet J 2003;35:320–323.
    doi: 10.2746/042516403776148336pubmed: 12755438google scholar: lookup
  39. Solano-Gallego L, Miró G, Koutinas A, Cardoso L, Pennisi MG, Ferrer L, Bourdeau P, Oliva G, Baneth G, The LeishVet Group. LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of canine leishmaniosis. Parasit Vectors 2011;4:86.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-86pmc: PMC3125381pubmed: 21599936google scholar: lookup
  40. Thermo Fisher Scientific. Tech Tip #34: binding characteristics of protein A, G, A/G, and L. 2013;75 Accessed Sep 2025.
  41. Villanueva-Saz S, Giner J, Verde M, Yzuel A, Ruiz H, Lacasta D, Riera C, Fisa R, Alcover MM, Fernández A. Antibodies to in naturally exposed domestic ferrets () in Spain. Vet Parasitol 2021;296:109492.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109492pubmed: 34144379google scholar: lookup
  42. Villanueva-Saz S, Lebrero ME, Solsona A, Ramos JJ, de Arcaute MR, Ruíz H, Pérez MD, Bello JM, Verde M, Ortín A, Marteles D, Fernández A, Gómez A, Trotta M, Lacasta D. Presence of anti- antibodies in sheep () in Spain. Vet Res Commun 2024;48:615–621.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-023-10221-ypmc: PMC10811003pubmed: 37819486google scholar: lookup
  43. Villanueva-Saz S, Aranda MDC, Jiménez MLÁ, de Andrés PJ, Verde M, Climent M, Lebrero Berna ME, Marteles Aragüés D, Fernández A. Serum protein electrophoresis in European mink (): reference intervals and comparison of agarose gel electrophoresis and capillary zone electrophoresis. Vet Q 2024;44:1–11.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2318195pmc: PMC11544736pubmed: 39508077google scholar: lookup
  44. Villanueva-Saz S, Lebrero ME, Giner J, Lillo SM, Guerra R, Roca-Geronès X, Fisa R, de Diego A, Bernal JLA, Quílez P, Gómez Á, Marteles D. Naturally acquired visceral leishmaniosis in a captive white-naped mangabey () in Spain. Vet Res Commun 2025;49:318.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-10894-7pmc: PMC12449416pubmed: 40971031google scholar: lookup
  45. Villanueva-Saz S, Marteles D, Ortuñez Á, Aceña MC, Davies JE, Riera C, Borobia M, Verde M, Gómez Á. Abscence of specific humoral response in three dogs with clinical leishmaniosis. Acta Vet Scand 2025;67(1):31.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-025-00814-9pmc: PMC12147281pubmed: 40484952google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Villanueva-Saz S, González A, Pérez MD, Lacasta D, Fernández A, Quilez P, Ortín A, Guallar D, Gómez Á, Marteles-Aragüés D. Evaluation of a commercial multispecies rapid test for anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in unconventional animal species. Vet Res Commun 2026 Feb 28;50(3).
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-026-11117-3pubmed: 41762328google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,093 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.