Prevalence and factors associated with Leishmania spp. and Toxoplasma gondii infections in apparently healthy horses in Eastern Spain.

This study is exploring the prevalence and associated factors of two parasitic infections, Leishmania and Toxoplasma gondii, among horses in Eastern Spain. The researchers found that both infections are quite prevalent and identified various factors like climate, breed, and the horse’s usage that may influence the likelihood of infection.

Research Method

• Researchers used serum samples from 166 horses living in eastern Spain, specifically in the Mediterranean basin, for the study.
• The presence of antibodies against both parasites was determined by employing an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).
• Various risk factors, including geographical location, local humidity and average temperatures, and certain epidemiological factors were assessed. The epidemiological factors included sex, reproductive status, breed, age, morphology, interaction with other domestic animals, usage, and access to outdoor environments.

Findings

• The researchers discovered that the seroprevalence of Leishmania spp. was 28.92% and that of T. gondii was 16.27% among the sampled horse population.
• Co-infection of both parasites was found in just two male horses.
• Leishmania seroprevalence was high among castrated males and some specific breeds of horses commonly used for teaching. Highest occurrence of Leishmania was also seen in horses who lived outdoors and during the winter season where rainfall was higher than average.
• Prevalence of T. gondii was high in cross-bred horses and those used for breeding.

Implications

• The researchers concluded that horses in the Mediterranean basin have high prevalence rates of Leishmania spp. and T. gondii infections, suggesting the role of horses as potential silent reservoirs, carrying the parasites without exhibiting common clinical symptoms.
• The study findings highlight the importance of monitoring horses more closely to prevent transmission to humans and other animals. In addition, identifying the contributing risk factors can support targeted interventions.
• External factors such as higher levels of rainfall and outdoor settings can stimulate the transmission and spread of these zoonotic diseases. This emphasizes the need for additional research and interventions focused on geographical and environmental risk factors.