Abstract: Diagnosis of colitis has been shown to impact morbidity and mortality in hospitalised horses. There are no studies to date that describe the incidence of infectious colitis after exploratory laparotomy. Objective: To investigate risk factors associated with the development of colitis and infectious colitis post-exploratory laparotomy. Methods: Retrospective case-control. Methods: Medical records of equids admitted from 2011 to 2020 were reviewed. The primary outcome was a diagnosis of colitis following exploratory laparotomy. Bivariable associations between colitis and risk factors were assessed using the 2-sample t-test and Fisher's exact test. All risk factors were subjected to a backward elimination variable reduction algorithm within a logistic regression framework (p-value set to 0.05). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed for the final model. Results: A total of 504 equids were included in the study. Forty-two patients (8.3%) were diagnosed with postoperative colitis. Five patients were diagnosed with Salmonella spp. and two with Clostridioides difficile. The odds of postoperative colitis were higher among patients that had pelvic flexure enterotomy (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.7-7.9, p = 0.001), postoperative leukopenia or leukocytosis (OR = 21.2, 95% CI = 9.7-46.7, p < 0.001), or plasma lactate 2.0-4.0 mmol/L (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.3-6.7, p < 0.008). Patients diagnosed with colitis had a longer median length of hospitalisation (9 days; range 2-21) compared with patients without colitis (7 days; range 2-25). Patients with colitis had a survival to discharge rate similar to patients without colitis (95% compared to 93%). Conclusions: Risk factors for infectious colitis could not be determined due to variation in testing protocols in this retrospective study and the low number of positive cases. Conclusions: Colitis as a postoperative complication does not negatively impact survival to discharge but is associated with longer hospitalisation. Pelvic flexure enterotomy, postoperative leukopenia or leukocytosis, and increased plasma lactate were identified as significant risk factors associated with colitis. Unassigned: Il a été démontré qu'un diagnostic de colite a un impact sur la morbidité et la mortalité des chevaux hospitalisés. Il n'y a aucune étude décrivant l'incidence de colites infectieuses suivant une laparotomie exploratrice. Objective: Investiguer les facteurs de risque associés au développement de colites et de colites infectieuses en période post‐opératoire suivant une laparotomie exploratrice. TYPE D'ÉTUDE: Étude de type rétrospective avec cas témoins. MÉTHODES: Les dossiers médicaux de chevaux admis entre 2011 et 2020 ont été utilisés. La résultante primaire était un diagnostic de colite suivant une laparotomie exploratrice. Les analyses bivariées entre colites et facteurs de risque ont été évalués par le biais d'un test de Fisher exact et un test de T à deux échantillons. Tous les facteurs de risque ont été sujet à un algorithme de réduction par élimination régressive des variables dans le cadre d'une régression logistique (valeur de p à 0.05). Les probabilités (odds ratio) et les intervalles de confiance à 95% ont été inclus dans le modèle final. RÉSULTATS: Au total, 504 chevaux ont été inclus dans l'étude. Quarante‐deux patients (8.3%) ont reçu un diagnostic de colite post‐opératoire. Cinq patients ont reçu un diagnostic de Salmonella spp. et deux, de Clostridioides difficile. Les chances de colites post‐opératoires étaient plus élevées chez les patients ayant subi une entérotomie de la courbure pelvienne (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.7–7.9, p = 0.0008), ayant souffert d'une leucopénie ou leucocytose (OR = 21.2, 95% CI = 9.7–46.7, p < 0.0001), ou ayant eu une valeur de lactate plasmatique de 2.0–4.0 mmol/L (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.3–6.7, p < 0.0084). Les patients diagnostiqués avec une colite ont eu une durée d'hospitalisation médiane supérieure (9 jours; étendu 2–21) comparativement aux patients sans colite (7 jours; étendu 2–25). Il n'y avait pas de différence entre les patients avec et ceux sans colite, en ce qui a trait au taux de survie de congé hospitalier (95% comparé à 93%). Unassigned: Les facteurs de risque pour les colites infectieuses n'ont pas pu être identifié en raison de variations des protocoles de tests employés dans cette étude rétrospective et du faible nombre de cas positifs. Conclusions: Les colites en tant que complication post‐opératoire n'ont pas d'impact négatif sur le taux de survie hospitaliser mais sont associées à une période d'hospitalisation de plus longue durée. Une entérotomie de la courbure pelvienne, une leucopénie ou leucocytose post‐opératoire et une valeur élevée de plasma sanguin ont été identifiés comme facteurs de risque associés au développement de colite.
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The research study aims to identify risk factors connected to the onset of colitis, an inflammation of the colon, in horses following an exploratory laparotomy – a surgical procedure exploring the abdomen. This study, however, couldn’t ascertain risk factors for infectious colitis due to varied testing protocols and a low number of positive cases. It found that colitis does not affect survival rates but does extend a horse’s hospital stay. Significant risk factors for colitis identified include pelvic flexure enterotomy, postoperative changes in white blood cell count and elevated plasma lactate levels.
Methods
Researchers reviewed medical records from hospitalized horses between 2011 and 2020. The primary outcome of this retrospective case-control study was to discern whether colitis occurred following exploratory laparotomy.
The statistical analysis methods used to determine the association between colitis and risk factors included the 2-sample T-test and Fisher’s exact test. All variables were then put through a backward elimination variable reduction algorithm within a logistic regression framework, applying a p-value threshold of 0.05.
For the final mathematical model, the odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated.
Results and Conclusion
A total of 504 horses were included in the evaluation, 42(8.3%) of them were diagnosed with post-operative colitis. Of these, five had infections caused by Salmonella, and two had Clostridioides difficile infections.
The probability of encountering postoperative colitis was higher among those that underwent pelvic flexure enterotomy, showed postoperative leukopenia or leukocytosis (abnormal white blood cell count), or had plasma lactate levels between 2.0 – 4.0 mmol/L.
Colitis did not negatively impact survival rates – patients with colitis had a survival rate of 95% compared to 93% without. However, horses diagnosed with colitis had longer hospital stays, with a median length of 9 days compared to 7 days for horses without colitis.
The study was unable to definitively identify risk factors for infectious colitis due to variations in testing protocols and the small number of positive cases.
Cite This Article
APA
Givan SA, Estell KE, Martinez-Lopez J, Brown JA, Wong DM, Werre SR.
(2023).
Risk factors associated with development of colitis in horses post-exploratory laparotomy.
Equine Vet J, 56(6), 1162-1169.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14028
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