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EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority2017; 15(7); e04851; doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4851

Risks for animal health related to the presence of zearalenone and its modified forms in feed.

Abstract: Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurs predominantly in cereal grains. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risk to animal health related to ZEN and its modified forms in feed. Modified forms of ZEN occurring in feed include phase I metabolites α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), β-zearalanol (β-ZAL), zearalanone (ZAN) and phase II conjugates. ZEN has oestrogenic activity and the oestrogenic activity of the modified forms of ZEN differs considerably. For ZEN, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for pig (piglets and gilts), poultry (chicken and fattening turkeys), sheep and fish (extrapolated from carp) and lowest observed effect level (LOAEL) for dogs. No reference points could be established for cattle, ducks, goats, horses, rabbits, mink and cats. For modified forms, no reference points could be established for any animal species and relative potency factors previously established from rodents by the CONTAM Panel in 2016 were used. The dietary exposure was estimated on 17,706 analytical results with high proportions of left-censored data (ZEN about 60%, ZAN about 70%, others close to 100%). Samples for ZEN were collected between 2001 and 2015 in 25 different European countries, whereas samples for the modified forms were collected mostly between 2013 and 2015 from three Member States. Based on exposure estimates, the risk of adverse health effects of feed containing ZEN was considered extremely low for poultry and low for sheep, dog, pig and fish. The same conclusions also apply to the sum of ZEN and its modified forms.
© 2017 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.
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Publication Date: 2017-07-31 PubMed ID: 32625539PubMed Central: PMC7009830DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4851Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research is a scientific analysis on the potential health risks to animals posed by zearalenone (ZEN), a toxin found in cereals normally fed to them. The different structures of the toxin, its origins, its estrogenic activity and the varying responses of different animals to it were examined.

Mycotoxin Zearalenone and Its Modified Forms

  • Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin synthesized mainly by Fusarium fungi and is found chiefly in cereal grains that are also used as animal feed.
  • Modified versions of ZEN occurring in animal feed encompass phase I metabolites such as α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), β-zearalanol (β-ZAL) and zearalanone (ZAN), as well as phase II conjugates.
  • ZEN has been found to possess estrogenic activity and it was found that its modified forms exhibit varying degrees of estrogenic activity.

Feedback from the EFSA Panel

  • The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) with ZEN for piglets, gilts, chickens, fattening turkeys, sheep and certain species of fish like carp.
  • A lowest observed effect level (LOAEL) was set for dogs by the EFSA Panel.
  • No reference points were established for cattle, ducks, goats, horses, rabbits, mink and cats. This accounts for the modified forms of Zearalenone as well.
  • The reference points for previously established relative potency factors were utilized from the studies conducted on rodents by the CONTAM Panel in 2016.

Data Collection and Exposure Estimates

  • The research based its dietary exposure estimates on 17,706 analytic results with a significant proportion of the data being left-censored, approximately 60% for ZEN and 70% for ZAN, with others nearing 100%.
  • Samples for ZEN were collected over the span of 14 years (2001 to 2015) in 25 different European countries, whereas its modified forms were gathered mostly between 2013 and 2015 from three Member States.
  • Following the exposure estimates, the risk of adverse health effects from feed containing ZEN was evaluated as extremely low for poultry and low for animals such sheep, dogs, pigs, and fish. A similar conclusion was made regarding the sum of ZEN and its modified forms.

Cite This Article

APA
Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Dänicke S, Eriksen GS, Altieri A, Roldán-Torres R, Oswald IP. (2017). Risks for animal health related to the presence of zearalenone and its modified forms in feed. EFSA J, 15(7), e04851. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4851

Publication

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority
ISSN: 1831-4732
NlmUniqueID: 101642076
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 7
Pages: e04851
PII: e04851

Researcher Affiliations

Knutsen, Helle-Katrine
    Alexander, Jan
      Barregård, Lars
        Bignami, Margherita
          Brüschweiler, Beat
            Ceccatelli, Sandra
              Cottrill, Bruce
                Dinovi, Michael
                  Edler, Lutz
                    Grasl-Kraupp, Bettina
                      Hogstrand, Christer
                        Hoogenboom, Laurentius Ron
                          Nebbia, Carlo Stefano
                            Petersen, Annette
                              Rose, Martin
                                Roudot, Alain-Claude
                                  Schwerdtle, Tanja
                                    Vleminckx, Christiane
                                      Vollmer, Günter
                                        Wallace, Heather
                                          Dall'Asta, Chiara
                                            Dänicke, Sven
                                              Eriksen, Gunnar-Sundstøl
                                                Altieri, Andrea
                                                  Roldán-Torres, Ruth
                                                    Oswald, Isabelle P

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