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The levels of zearalenone and its metabolites in plasma, urine and faeces of horses fed with naturally, Fusarium toxin-contaminated oats.
Abstract: Concentration profile of zearalenone (ZON) and its metabolites in plasma, urine and faeces samples of horses fed with Fusarium toxin-contaminated oats is described. In plasma, β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) was detected at high levels on day 10 of the study (3.21-6.24 μg/l). β-Zearalenol and α-zearalenol were the major metabolites in urine. Zearalenone, α-ZOL and β-ZOL were predominantly found in faeces. Zearalanone could also be detected in urine (1.34-5.79 μg/l) and faeces (1 μg/kg). The degree of glucuronidation was established in all sample types, approximately 100% in urine and plasma. Low per cent of glucuronidation (4-15%) was found in faeces samples. The results indicate the main conversion of ZON into β-ZOL in horse. This finding could explain why horse is not susceptible to ZON in comparison with swine which produce α-ZOL as a predominant metabolite.
© 2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
Publication Date: 2011-11-30 PubMed ID: 22129272DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01253.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Clinical Trial
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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This study investigates the presence and levels of a toxin called zearalenone and its byproducts in horses that were fed oats contaminated with this Fusarium-produced toxin. It was found that varying levels of the toxin and its metabolites were present in the plasma, urine, and faeces of the horses. The results suggested that horses are less susceptible to the adverse effects of this toxin as their bodies convert it differently than other animals, such as pigs.
Study Methodology and Results
The research process involved feeding horses with oats that had been naturally contaminated with a Fusarium toxin, specifically zearalenone (ZON). Samples of plasma, urine, and faeces were collected and then analyzed. The findings from these analyses showed that:
- A high concentration of a ZON metabolite known as β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) was identified in plasma on the tenth day of the study, with levels ranging between 3.21-6.24 μg/l.
- Major metabolites found in the urine were β-ZOL and α-zearalenol, two forms of ZON after it has been processed by the body.
- Zearalanone, another ZON metabolite, was detected in both urine and faeces, with concentrations of 1.34-5.79 μg/l and 1 μg/kg respectively.
- ZON, α-ZOL, and β-ZOL were mostly found in faecal samples.
- Glucuronidation, which is the addition of glucuronic acid to a substance to facilitate its excretion from the body, was essentially 100% in both urine and plasma samples. However, low levels of glucuronidation (4-15%) were noted in faecal samples.
Interpretation and Implications of the Results
The result of this study suggests the principal conversion of ZON into β-ZOL in horses. This aspect is crucial because it may explain why horses are not as susceptible to ZON as other animals like swine are. For example, in swine, ZON is predominantly converted into α-ZOL, a different metabolite.
The research sheds light on how different organisms metabolize the same toxin in different ways, which may confer varying levels of susceptibility to the toxin’s potential harms. By providing insights into how horses process ZON, the study contributes to a wider understanding of equine health and nutrition, as well as the impact of mycotoxin-contaminated feeds on livestock health more generally.
Cite This Article
APA
Songsermsakul P, Böhm J, Aurich C, Zentek J, Razzazi-Fazeli E.
(2011).
The levels of zearalenone and its metabolites in plasma, urine and faeces of horses fed with naturally, Fusarium toxin-contaminated oats.
J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl), 97(1), 155-161.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01253.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinä rplatz 1,Vienna, Austria.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Feces / chemistry
- Female
- Fusarium / metabolism
- Horses / blood
- Horses / metabolism
- Horses / urine
- Species Specificity
- Zearalenone / blood
- Zearalenone / chemistry
- Zearalenone / metabolism
- Zearalenone / urine
Citations
This article has been cited 10 times.- Zhang J, Zheng Y, Tao H, Liu J, Zhao P, Yang F, Lv Z, Wang J. Effects of Bacillus subtilis ZJ-2019-1 on Zearalenone Toxicosis in Female Gilts. Toxins (Basel) 2021 Nov 8;13(11).
- Dänicke S, Saltzmann J, Liermann W, Glatter M, Hüther L, Kersten S, Zeyner A, Feige K, Warnken T. Evaluation of Inner Exposure of Horses to Zearalenone (ZEN), Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Their Metabolites in Relation to Colic and Health-Related Clinical-Chemical Traits. Toxins (Basel) 2021 Aug 23;13(8).
- Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Dänicke S, Eriksen GS, Altieri A, Roldán-Torres R, Oswald IP. Risks for animal health related to the presence of zearalenone and its modified forms in feed. EFSA J 2017 Jul;15(7):e04851.
- Vance CK, King EH, Bowers SD, Ryan PL, Walters K, Shappell NW. Reproductive Performance of Mares Fed Dietary Zearalenone. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:423.
- Silva TES, de Brito DCC, de Sá NAR, da Silva RF, Ferreira ACA, da Silva JYG, Guedes MIF, Rodrigues APR, Dos Santos RR, de Figueiredo JR. Equol: A Microbiota Metabolite Able to Alleviate the Negative Effects of Zearalenone during In Vitro Culture of Ovine Preantral Follicles. Toxins (Basel) 2019 Nov 9;11(11).
- Gadzała-Kopciuch R, Kwaśniewska K, Ludwiczak A, Skrzyniarz P, Jakubowski R, Nowak W, Wojtczak A, Buszewski B. Towards A New Approach for the Description of Cyclo⁻2,4-Dihydroxybenzoate, A Substance Which Effectively Mimics Zearalenone in Imprinted Polymers Designed for Analyzing Selected Mycotoxins in Urine. Int J Mol Sci 2019 Mar 29;20(7).
- Fu G, Ma J, Wang L, Yang X, Liu J, Zhao X. Effect of Degradation of Zearalenone-Contaminated Feed by Bacillus licheniformis CK1 on Postweaning Female Piglets. Toxins (Basel) 2016 Oct 17;8(10).
- Schumann B, Winkler J, Mickenautsch N, Warnken T, Dänicke S. Effects of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and related metabolites on equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro and background occurrence of these toxins in horses. Mycotoxin Res 2016 Aug;32(3):153-61.
- Guerre P. Fusariotoxins in Avian Species: Toxicokinetics, Metabolism and Persistence in Tissues. Toxins (Basel) 2015 Jun 23;7(6):2289-305.
- Tan H, Hu Y, He J, Wu L, Liao F, Luo B, He Y, Zuo Z, Ren Z, Zhong Z, Peng G, Deng J. Zearalenone degradation by two Pseudomonas strains from soil. Mycotoxin Res 2014 Nov;30(4):191-6.
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